Study Guide 1. British naturalist that came up with the theory of evolution by the means of natural selection. 2. H.M.S. Beagle – ship to the Galapagos 3. They were able to find new species every day on each of the islands. Not influenced by humans. 4. Darwin thought that the common ancestor of the finches came from the main land of South America, Ecuador. 5a. Variation – having different characteristics among the species. b. Adaptation – any heritable trait that helps an organisms rate of survival.

c. fossil – ancient remains of an organism d. fitness – what an organism has to live longer and reproduce offspring. 6. survival of the fittest - the continued existence of organisms that are best adapted to the environment that enable them to reproduce 7. –species are continuously changing -No 2 organisms are the same -Environment effects the adaptation of the organism -There is a link between each and everyone’s species -Organisms adapt by means of natural selection.

8. Homologous – same structure but different function. Ex: Human arm, dog’s leg, bat’s wing. Analogous – same function but different structure. Ex. Bird wing, bat wing, insect wing. 9. Vestigial structures – structures that no longer serve a purpose. Ex. Tonsils, appendix, goose bumps 10. a. Hutton and Lyell – geologists that explained that things are constantly changing. Discovered that earth is ancient, billion years old. b. Malthus – English economist that explained if organisms grew exponentially they compete for resources, survival of the fittest.

C. Lamarck – supported the idea that organisms changed over time, theory of acquired traits. Darwin later explained that this was false. D. Wallace – scientist who came up with the same idea of evolution. He wrote to Darwin and told him about the idea of evolution, pushed Darwin to publish his book before Wallace did. 11. Natural selection – random selection by organisms in their environment to choose their mate by means of fitness. Artificial selection – when humans choose the traits and control breeding.

12. Theory of descent with modification: theory or idea that every species must have descended by reproduction from a preexisting species. 13. a. Fossil Record: can provide evidence of linkage between ancient organisms. Ex: ancient horse to a modern horse. b. Geographical distribution: depending on the environment, species have similar qualities based on their environment. Ex: flying squirrel, sugar glider in Australia. c. Homologous structures: same structure but different function based on their environment. Ex: Human arm, whale fin and bat wing. d. Embryology: study of development. Gives hard evidence because we have same traits when embryos. Ex. mouse – human developing.

14. Tortoises have different size necks due to ability to reach different vegetation. Also, their shell shapes are different because of the environmental factors on the different islands. 15. Finches beaks are different on each island because of the different food that is on each island. They had to adapt to survive.