12/14/20061 Development of a Community Airborne Platform Remote- sensing Interdisciplinary Suite (CAPRIS) Presentation to CAPRIS Workshop Dec. 14, 2006 Wen-Chau Lee, Eric Loew and Roger Wakimoto Earth Observing Laboratory (EOL) NCAR, Boulder, Colorado

Remote Sensing Facility Instruments NRL P-3 ELDORA S-Polka REAL HCR HSRL

12/14/20063 Background PlatformReflect ivity Dual- Doppler Winds Dual- Polariza tion AerosolWater Vapor OzoneClear air winds NOAA P3XX NASA ER-2XXX NASA DC-8XXX NRL P3XX NSF HIAPERXX Wyoming King Air XXX NSF C-130 with CAPRIS XXXXXXX NSF HIAPER with CAPRIS XXXXXX A summary of the instrumentation packages available on various research Aircraft platforms in the United States

12/14/20064 Motivation Improve scientific understanding of the atmosphere by serving the observational needs of broad scientific communities  Climate  atmospheric chemistry  physical meteorology  mesoscale meteorology  large scale dynamics Support numerical weather prediction community  Data assimilation  Validation model results  Developing and testing parameterization schemes Validation of measurements from spaceborne platforms  CloudSat  CALIPSO, AURA  GPM, NPP

12/14/20065 Motivation (cont.) Improve our ability to understand and predict atmospheric systems  Climate change  Predict high impact weather  Foresee components of atmospheric chemistry that affect society Long Term View of EOL Facilities  A replacement for ELDORA  A potential ground-based radar/lidar suite  Upgrade C-130 to state-of-the-art airborne platform and infrastructure  Fill HIAPER remote sensing instrumentation gaps on cloud microphysics, water vapor, ozone and clear air winds  Commitment to phased-array technology, and eye-safe lidars

12/14/20066 Mid-Size Infrastructure for Atmospheric Sciences ATM maintains a mid-size infrastructure account that can be used to build and/or acquire community facilities. General Considerations and Eligibility (highlights) Community facility Available funds for larger projects Instrumentation and observing platforms are eligible Partnerships with university, federal, private, or international institutions are encouraged. Design and engineering studies will be supported by the interested parts of ATM. Where appropriate, use of the MRI mechanism for funding or partial funding will be encouraged. EOL has been encouraged to submit a Prospectus for CAPRIS Key time for community comment and advice on present concepts Document due to NSF 30 June 2007 The NSF Opportunity

12/14/20067 Potential Scientific Advancements: Weather Describe precipitation process from water vapor transport to quantitative precipitation estimate Understand factors that control hurricane intensity change Characterize convective initiation and transformation of fair weather cumuli into deep convection Potential Scientific Advancements: Chemistry Transport of ozone and water between troposphere and stratosphere e.g., Doppler LIDAR, forward pointing WV observation Impact of convection on chemical composition of UTLS region e.g. DC3

12/14/20068 Potential Scientific Advancements: Climate Observe radiation effect due to deep convective clouds and cirrus ice clouds Validate satellite-based products (CloudSat, GPM) Potential Scientific Advancements: PBL studies Resolve spatial variation of turbulent fluctuations of water vapor and ozone Measure entrainment rate of air from free atmosphere into the PBL Potential Scientific Advancements: Biogeosciences Resolve PBL constituent fluxes (e.g. CO 2, O 3, water vapor) Examine scales of land surface processes (e.g. in hydrology) and biomass

12/14/20069 InstrumentScience Polarimetric airborne centimeter Doppler Radar – C, X bands Hurricane, severe storms, Convection initiation, tropical meteorology. Kinematics and microphysical processes. Pod based dual-wavelength, dual- polarization, millimeter wave Doppler radar – W, Ka Bands Cloud and drizzle microphysics, ice microphysics, and cloud radiation properties H 2 O Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), O 3 DIAL, Doppler Wind Lidar (UTLS and PBL systems) CO 2 DIAL, Vegetation Canopy Lidar Climate change, fluxes and transport of water vapor, ozone, and pollutants from boundary layer to UTLS, gravity waves CAPRIS Instruments and Science

12/14/ Examples of Combined Measurements Cai et al. (2006)

12/14/ Potential application to UT/LS Tropopause DC-8 alt Pan et al. (2006)

12/14/ Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment O 3, aerosols affect radiative forcing Air pollutants vented from PBL Pollutants rained out From Mary Barth and Chris Cantrell’s DC3 report

12/14/ Design Considerations Develop an airborne and ground-based suite of remote sensors. Integrate phased-array technology and eye-safe lidar technology Reduce X-band radar beam attenuation common to all existing airborne Doppler radars. Add microphysical characterization of the hydrometeors. Aim for compact design to install on multiple aircraft, including other C-130s and HIAPER (global sampling). HALO? Integrate multi-sensor approach on a single research platform in conjunction with in situ sensors. Pursue a modular design approach which allows PIs to pick and choose the optimum combination of remote sensing instruments.

12/14/ CAPRIS Configurations -- Airborne CM-Radar Four active element scanning array (AESA) conformal antennas –Two side-looking –top, bottom looking Composite “surveillance” scan Dual Doppler (V, σ v ) 2x resolution of current system – using “smart” scanning Dual polarization H,V linear – Z H, Z DR, K DP, RHO HV, LDR MM-Radar Dual polarization H,V linear –Z H, Z DR, K DP, LDR, RHO HV Dual wavelength (W,Ka) Pod-based scanning Doppler (V, σ v ) UV O 3 DIAL/Clear air wind μ m; μ m 5 km range, 100 m for DIAL 25 km range and 250 m for wind Molecular scattering Conical scanning Others? Heterodyne Doppler lidar for PBL winds CO 2 DIAL Vegetation lidar H 2 O DIAL/Aerosol 1.45 µm, eye safe 4.4 km range, 300 m resolution Up, down, or side

12/14/ Rear/Lower Radar Upper Radar Starboard Radar Port Radar W, Ka band Pod C-130 front view

12/14/ Composite “Surveillance” Scan WXR 700C Weather Avoidance Radar

12/14/ CAPRIS Configurations – Ground Based CM-Radar Re-package airborne system into two rapidly scanning mobile truck-based Radars –Combine pairs of AESA’s into single flat aperture (for improved sensitivity and beamwidth) to be mechanically scanned in azimuth Dual polarization H,V linear Form multiple receive beams (2-4) for higher tilts MM-Radar Re-package pod based radar into compact seatainer Mobile, truck-based or shipped w/o truck Mechanically scanned, azimuth and elevation Dual wavelength (W and Ka) Dual polarization UV O 3 DIAL/Clear air wind Housed in standard 20’ seatainer for ease of portability Both instruments share BSU and aperture H 2 O DIAL/Aerosol Housed in standard 20’ seatainer for ease of portability Full hemispherical coverage via beam steering unit (BSU) Larger telescope for increased sensitivity Rapid DOW; Courtesy CSWR

12/14/ Estimated Performance of CM and mm radar RadarDwell Time Range Res. Beam Width (Broadside/Max Extent) Sensitivity at 10 km (no Atten.) Velocity & Reflectivity Accuracy Airborne C-band15 ms150 m2.1°x1.6°/ 2.2°x2.3°-9 dBZ 10 dB, SW<6 ms/) X-band15 ms150 m1.3°x1.0°/ 1.4°x1.5°-17 dBZ Ka-band100 ms30 m1.5°-22 dBZ0.2 m/s & 0.5 dB (SNR>10 dB, SW<2 ms) W-band100 ms30 m0.6°-24 dBZ Ground-Based C-band40 ms150 m1.0°x1.6° / 1.5°x1.7°-15 dBZ 10 dB, SW<6 m/s) X-band40 ms150 m0.6°x1.0° / 0.9°x1.1°-25 dBZ Ka-band40 ms30 m1.5°-20 dBZ 10 dB, SW<2 m/s) W-band40 ms30 m0.6°-22 dBZ

12/14/ Estimated Performance of IR and UV Lidars InstrumentWavelength  m Range, up- looking (km) Range, down-looking (km) Range resolution, m Temporal resolution, sec IR WV DIAL1.45 – UV ozone DIAL UV clear air winds (ground) N/A?10 IR WV DIAL (ground) 1.45 – N/A3001

12/14/ Summary CAPRIS will meet observational needs of broader scientific communities of climate, atmospheric chemistry, physical meteorology, mesoscale meteorology and larger scale dynamics. Will fill the gap in current HIAPER instrumentation All of the instruments will be built so that they are suitable for both airborne and ground-based deployment Modular approach –Configure airborne platform for interdisciplinary research Will modernize Lower Atmosphere Observing Facility remote sensors using the proven technology (phased array, polarization diversity and eye-safe LIDAR technology) No instrument suite currently exists on an airborne platform that can tackle the wide range of atmospheric problems outlined in this presentation

12/14/ Current Status and Timeline A CAPRIS white paper was submitted and presented at NSF There are at least three other competing projects A second white paper will be submitted to NSF by March 2007 CAPRIS team has contacted and made a series of visits to US universities and international institutions CAPRIS team hosted town hall meetings at EGU and AGU, and will host a town hall meeting at AMS annual meeting NSF will evaluate all white paper and invite several projects to submit proposal in Fall 2007 NSF encourages partnerships with university, federal, private, or international institutions in the planning process

12/14/ Questions and Comments For further information, contact: Jim Moore Wen-Chau Lee Visit the website:

12/14/ END

12/14/ Water Vapor CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved profiles (vertical & horizontal) of water vapor over the widest range of climates and altitudes. Versatility requires eye-safety. Suggested approach: tunability 1450 – 1500 nm. Above: Water vapor absorption band heads and eye-safety. Courtesy: Scott Spuler, NCAR EOL Above: water vapor mixing ratio below DLR Falcon. From 940 nm H 2 O DIAL in 2002 IHOP. Courtesy: C. Kiemle, DLR

12/14/ Ozone CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved vertical profiles of ozone over a wide range of environments and altitudes (e.g. urban air quality and UT/LS studies). Suggested approach: Tunability nm 34” 56” 48” Photos provided by Mike Hardesty & Chris Senff, NOAA Tuning range

12/14/ UT/LS Winds CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved profiles (vertical) of horizontal and vertical velocities above and below aircraft in “Aerosol-free” regions of the UT/LS. Suggested approach: UV direct-detection and VAD scans from rotating holographic optical element. Diagrams and data provided by Bruce Gentry, NASA Goddard

12/14/ IR Heterodyne Doppler CAPRIS Priority: high-resolution, eddy-resolving, velocities in the aerosol-rich lower troposphere. Suggested method: Heterodyne Doppler lidar at 1.5 or 2.0 microns. Data example courtesy Mike Hardesty, NOAA HRDL on DLR Falcon during I-HOP

12/14/ Estimated Performance of IR and UV Lidars InstrumentWavelength  m Range, up- looking (km) Range, down-looking (km) Range resolution, m Temporal resolution, sec IR WV DIAL1.45 – UV ozone DIAL UV clear air winds (ground) N/A?10 IR WV DIAL (ground) 1.45 – N/A3001

12/14/ CO 2 DIAL CAPRIS Priority: Coarse resolution vertical profiles of CO 2. Resolution: 10-minute, 500 m, 1 ppm in 340 ppm background. Suggested method: DIAL at 1.6 or 2.0 microns. 0.3% accuracy required. Extremely difficult.

12/14/ Vegetation Canopy Lidar Goal: Estimate biomass, canopy structure, and roughness Large surface foot-print Very high-speed (GHz) digitizers to resolve distribution of canopy matter (foliage, trunks, branches, twigs, etc.)

12/14/ CAPRIS Configurations – Ground Based CM-Radar Re-package airborne system into two rapidly scanning mobile truck-based Radars: X and C bands –Re-configure both C band AESA’s into single flat aperture (for improved sensitivity and beamwidth) to be mechanically scanned in azimuth –Configure X-band similarly Dual polarization H,V linear Form multiple receive beams (3-5) for higher tilts MM-Radar Re-package pod based radar into compact seatainer Mobile, truck-based or shipped w/o truck Mechanically scanned, azimuth and elevation Dual wavelength (W and Ka) Dual polarization Rapid DOW; Courtesy CSWR

12/14/ Community Airborne Platform Remote-sensing Suite (CAPRIS) Improve scientific understanding of the biosphere…  Observational needs of broad scientific communities in climate, atmospheric chemistry, physical meteorology, mesoscale meteorology, biogeochemistry, larger scale dynamics, oceanography and land surface processes Long Term View of EOL Facilities  A replacement for ELDORA airborne Doppler radar  Upgrade C-130 to state-of-the-art airborne platform and infrastructure  Fill NCAR G-V remote sensing instrumentation gaps on cloud microphysics, water vapor, ozone and clear air winds  Commitment to phased-array technology, and eye-safe lidars  Optional comprehensive ground-based instrument suite

12/14/ Motivation for CAPRIS Data assimilation, validation and developing and testing parameterization schemes  Community models - WRF, WACCSM and MOZART Validation of measurements from spaceborne platforms  CloudSat, GPM Improve our ability to understand and predict atmospheric and surface processes  Project climate change  High impact weather  Foresee components of atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemistry that affect society  Land surface processes

12/14/ Potential Scientific Advancements: Weather Describe precipitation process from water vapor transport to quantitative precipitation estimate Understand factors that control hurricane intensity change Characterize convective initiation and transformation of fair weather cumuli into deep convection Potential Scientific Advancements: Chemistry Transport of ozone and water between troposphere and stratosphere e.g., Doppler LIDAR, forward pointing WV observation Impact of convection on chemical composition of UTLS region

12/14/ Potential Scientific Advancements: Climate Observe radiation effect due to deep convective clouds and cirrus ice clouds Validate satellite-based products (CloudSat, CALIPSO, GPM) Potential Scientific Advancements: PBL studies Resolve spatial variation of turbulent fluctuations of water vapor and ozone Measure entrainment rate of air from free atmosphere into the PBL

12/14/ Instruments and Science InstrumentScience Polarimetric airborne centimeter Doppler Radar – C or X band Hurricane, severe storms, Convection initiation, tropical meteorology. Kinematics and microphysical processes. Pod based dual-wavelength, dual- polarization, millimeter wave Doppler radar – W, Ka Bands Cloud and drizzle microphysics, ice microphysics, and cloud radiation properties IR water vapor DIAL & Aerosol Lidar;  m – eye-safe Climate change, fluxes and transport of water vapor, ozone, and pollutants from boundary layer to UTLS, gravity waves UV ozone DIAL:  m Clear air UV Lidar:  m

12/14/ Design Considerations Develop an airborne and ground-based suite of remote sensors. Integrate phased-array technology and eye-safe lidar technology Reduce X-band radar beam attenuation common to all existing airborne Doppler radars. Add microphysical characterization of the hydrometeors. Aim for compact design to install on multiple aircraft, including other C-130s and HIAPER (global sampling). HALO? Integrate multi-sensor approach on a single research platform in conjunction with in situ sensors. Pursue a modular design approach which allows PIs to pick and choose the optimum combination of remote sensing instruments.

12/14/ CAPRIS Configurations -- Airborne CM-Radar Four active element scanning array (AESA) conformal antennas –Two side-looking –top, bottom looking Composite “surveillance” scan Dual Doppler (V, σ v ) 2x resolution of current system – using “smart” scanning Dual polarization H,V linear – Z H, Z DR, K DP, RHO HV, LDR MM-Radar Dual polarization H,V linear –Z H, Z DR, K DP, LDR, RHO HV Dual wavelength (W,Ka) Pod-based scanning Doppler (V, σ v ) UV O 3 DIAL/Clear air wind μ m; μ m 5 km range, 100 m for DIAL 25 km range and 250 m for wind Molecular scattering Conical scanning Others? Heterodyne Doppler lidar for PBL winds CO 2 DIAL Vegetation lidar H 2 O DIAL/Aerosol 1.45 µm, eye safe 4.4 km range, 300 m resolution Up, down, or side

12/14/ Summary CAPRIS will meet observational needs of broader scientific communities of climate, atmospheric chemistry, physical meteorology, mesoscale meteorology and larger scale dynamics. Will fill the gap in current HIAPER instrumentation All of the instruments will be built so that they are suitable for both airborne and ground-based deployment Modular approach –Configure airborne platform for interdisciplinary research Will modernize Lower Atmosphere Observing Facility remote sensors using the proven technology (phased array, polarization diversity and eye-safe LIDAR technology) No instrument suite currently exists on an airborne platform that can tackle the wide range of atmospheric problems outlined in this presentation

12/14/ Community Input Requested Frequency Choice: X or C Band Define Polarization Specifications –Degree of overlap of H and V antenna patterns, over what range of Az and El? –ICPR, over what range of Az and El? Define Intelligent Scan Strategies –Incorporate simple and coded pulses and perhaps staggered PRTs –Incorporate polarization diversity, co-pol and cross-pol? Define multiple beam scenarios –Spaced Antenna (SA) –Rapid scanning on the ground Other?

12/14/ Collaboration and/or Joint Development Opportunities

12/14/ END

Example of a convective case (all rain) – raw C-band radar data from the UAH/NSSTC ARMOR radar Z Z DR KDP PPI at 1.3 degrees elevevation Corrected Uncor- rected Z Z DR KDP

12/14/ Histograms for Ah > 5 dB and Z_hs > 30.0 dBZ and Kdp > 0.0 deg/km

12/14/ Retrieval of particle size (RES), LWC from mm-wave radar.

12/14/ S-Pol X-Pol corrected. X-Pol Reflectivity Total attenuation Not good correction S and X-band Radar Observations

12/14/ AESA Characteristics PARAMETERX-BandC-Band Wavelength3.2 cm5.045 cm Dimensions (w x l)0.93 m x 1.18 m1.46 m x 1.86 m 3dB Beamwidth (broadside)2.1° x 1.6° 3dB Beamwidth (20° Az, 45° El)2.1° x 1.6° Gain (broadside)38 dBi Gain (20° az, 45° el)36 dBi Element Spacing (w x l)0.725 λ x λ Elements/Panel (w x l)10 x 16 Panels16 Total Elements2560 First Sidelobe< -25 dB Cross-Pol Isolation> 30 dB Noise Figure3.5 dB Transmit Power (peak)2.9 10% duty EIRP (worst case)90 dBm avg.

12/14/ CM-Wave Radar Performance X-BandsC-Bands Beam Width (nominal) 2.76˚ x 1.76˚ Along Track Spacing ** 75 m Range Resolution 150 m Sensitivity (single hit, no attenuation) km km Sensitivity (single hit, 10 mm/hr rain) km km PolarizationDual: H or V ** 140 deg/sec scan rate

MM-Wave Radar Performance W-BandKa-Band Beam Width0.6˚1.5˚ Along Track Spacing ** 30 m Range Resolution30 m Sensitivity (~100 msec dwell, 2.5 g/m3 water vapor) * km km PolarizationDual: H or V ** No Scanning; ~100 millisecond dwell time * Sensitivity can be increased at the expense of range resolution and/or along track spacing

12/14/ IR H 2 O/DIAL estimated performance model scenario: alt: 7.6 km (25,000 ft) and resolution: 300 m, 60 sec Approximate performance vs. existing H 2 0 DIAL systems (nm)R up (km)R down (km)NOHD (km)scan LASE no DLR no CAPRIS eye-safeyes NOHD - range until beam is safe (ground operation, staring)

12/14/ UV ozone/DIAL estimated performance model scenario: alt: 7.6 km (25,000 ft) and resolution: 200 m, 60 sec Approximate performance vs. existing O 3 DIAL (all systems operate = nm) R up (km)R down (km)NOHD (km) NASA NOAA4.25.2eye-safe CAPRIS4.25.3eye-safe NOHD - range until beam is safe for ground operation