Chapter 1 The Peopling of the World

Introduction Pre-History - The time before writing (about 3,000 BC) Pre-History - The time before writing (about 3,000 BC) Archaeologists – bones & artifacts (man made objects – pottery, bones, tools, artwork) Archaeologists – bones & artifacts (man made objects – pottery, bones, tools, artwork) Anthropologists – culture (a group’s way of life) Anthropologists – culture (a group’s way of life) Paleontologists – fossils (plant, animal remains) Paleontologists – fossils (plant, animal remains) Methods – Radiocarbon dating, DNA Methods – Radiocarbon dating, DNA History – The time since written records History – The time since written records BCE – before common era (BC – “before Christ”) BCE – before common era (BC – “before Christ”) CE – common era (AD – “Anno Domini”– year of our lord or “after death”) CE – common era (AD – “Anno Domini”– year of our lord or “after death”) Circa (c.) – about/approximately Circa (c.) – about/approximately

Paleolithic – Old Stone Age 2.5 million BC – 8,000 BC (BCE) 2.5 million BC – 8,000 BC (BCE) Nomadic Nomadic Hunters and gatherers Hunters and gatherers Use of fire, tools (stone, bone, wood) Use of fire, tools (stone, bone, wood) No real leader, equality No real leader, equality Lived in small groups Lived in small groups Paintings in caves Paintings in caves

Neolithic – New Stone Age 8,000 BC – 3,000 BC 8,000 BC – 3,000 BC Most important development in history Most important development in history “Agricultural revolution” “Agricultural revolution” Farming develops; slash and burn Farming develops; slash and burn Control of environment Control of environment Domestication of animals Domestication of animals No need to travel – rise of CIVILIZATION! No need to travel – rise of CIVILIZATION! Provides regular & surplus food supply; new tools Provides regular & surplus food supply; new tools

Neolithic cont. Many developed in river valleys – WHY? Many developed in river valleys – WHY? Mesopotamia Mesopotamia Egypt Egypt India India China China

Characteristics of Civilization Advanced cities Advanced cities Specialization of labor Specialization of labor Complex institutions Complex institutions Long lasting pattern of organization (government, religion, education, etc.) Long lasting pattern of organization (government, religion, education, etc.) Writing Writing Technology Technology

Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent Fertile Crescent IraqSyriaJordanIsraelEgyptLebanon

Sumer & Civilization Cities Cities Between Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Iraq) Between Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Iraq) “Fertile Crescent” – Mesopotamia “Fertile Crescent” – Mesopotamia Ur, Uruk, Eridu Ur, Uruk, Eridu Specialized Workers Specialized Workers Surplus food freed labor supply, specialized Surplus food freed labor supply, specialized Artisans – skilled workers; farmers, etc. Artisans – skilled workers; farmers, etc. Social classes emerge; hierarchy Social classes emerge; hierarchy

Sumer & Civilization cont. Writing Writing Scribes – record keepers needed to keep track of products (grain, livestock) Scribes – record keepers needed to keep track of products (grain, livestock) Cuneiform – Sumerian writing Cuneiform – Sumerian writing Complex Institutions Complex Institutions Governments emerge to regulate people Governments emerge to regulate people Religion/Priests – Ziggurats (temples) Religion/Priests – Ziggurats (temples)

Sumerian Ziggurat

Sumer & Civilization cont. Technology Technology New tools, techniques, inventions New tools, techniques, inventions Pottery, plows, irrigation (impact?) Pottery, plows, irrigation (impact?) Advances in metal work – bronze (copper & tin) – Bronze age Advances in metal work – bronze (copper & tin) – Bronze age

Sumerian Science & Tech. Wagon wheel Wagon wheel Arch & Dome Arch & Dome Potter’s wheel Potter’s wheel Number system based on 60 Number system based on month calendar 12 month calendar Bronze (copper & tin) Bronze (copper & tin) Metal plow Metal plow Irrigation (canals) Irrigation (canals) Sailboats Sailboats

5 Characteristics of Civilization? CITIES CITIES SPECIALIZATION SPECIALIZATION INSTITUTIONS INSTITUTIONS WRITING WRITING TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY