Followership and Leader - Member Exchange Elvi Puspasari Dewi Fitriasally Kanzi Abi Karami Theodora Stephanie Yosie Hadiputra Setiawati

Evoluation of Dyadic

Vertical Dyadic Linkage Titik berat teori ini pada “dyad” yaitu hubungan antara pemimpin dengan tiap-tiap bawahannya secara bebas. Individualized leader-follower interactions creating in- groups and out-groups

Leader- Member Exchange Focus is on the quality of each dyad and its effects on organizational outcomes over time

Team- Member Exchange A team leader’s social exchanges with team members through the mutual exchange of ideas,support,camaraderie,and feedback

Leader-Member Exchange Theory “Deals with how leaders influence member behavior” High Quality LMX Relationships Positive Followers Outcomes Performance Satisfaction Commitment Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Factors That Influence LMX Relationships Follower Behavior and Attributes Leader-Follower Perceptions and Self- Identities Situational Factors

Factors That Influence LMX Relationships  Follower Behavior And Attributes A follower’s behavior and attributes influences how the leader and other members see such a follower.

Factors That Influence LMX Relationships  Leader-Follower Perceptions and Self Identities “Self identities has the potential to influence behavior in interpersonal relationships” Three dimensions of self-identity: - Individual - Relational - Collective

Factors That Influence LMX Relationships  Situational Factors - The relationship according to the life-cycle model - Managerial Resource Strength - The leader’s span of control - The work group climate - One’s social identity

Developing High-Quality LMX Relationships Impressions Management “A follower’s effort to project a favorable image in order to gain an immediate benefit or improve a long-term relationship with the leader.” Ingratiation “The effort to appear supportive, appreciative, and respectful.” Self-Promotion “The effort to appear competent and dependable.”

The Benefits of High-Quality LMX Relationship Leader’s control over outcomes that are desirable to the followers : Helping follower’s career Allowing participation in decision making Delegating greater responsibility and authority More sharing of information Assigning in-group members to interesting and desirable tasks Follower loyal to leader, more committed to task objectives, work harder, and share some of leader’s administrative duties

Strengths and Limitation of LMX Theory

High-Quality LMX and TMX relationship influence folowers: Organizational commitment Organizational citizenship behaviour Job performance Creativity.

The LMX relationship: 1. how well the leader understand your job problems and needs? 2. how well does your leader recognize your potential? 3. How would charateristic your relationship with leader?

Managers & human resource management specialist 1.Procedural checks and control 2.High quality LMX relation

Followership “ without followers, leadership is meaningless and leaders don’t exist” - Robert Kelley  Defining followership  Followership types  Follower influencing characteristics  Suggested guidelines to become an effective follower  The dual role of being a leader and follower

Defining followership Followership : the behavior of followers that result from the leader-follower mutual influencing relationship Follower : someone who is being influenced by a leader

No work unit or organised effort can succed and be sustained without followers, it’s the power of followership - Kelley (1998) The fact that effective followers are also courages followers who tend to demonstrate certain behaviors. - Chaleff (2003) The five behaviors: Courage to accept responsibility Courage to serve Courage to question Courage to be part of necessary change Courage to take a moral stand when necessary

Follower Types Pragmatic Follower Effective Follower Conformist Follower Alienated FollowerPassive Follower High Critical Thinking Low High Low Level of Involvement

The Effective Follower The effective follower has a high self efficacy compared to the ineffective follower. Self efficacy : person’s beliefs in his/her capabilities to produce at a certain level of performance Determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave, which in turn influences their work ethic

Guideliness to becoming an Effective follower  Offer support to Leader  Take Initiative  Counsel and coach the leader when appropiate  Raise issues and/or concerns when necessary  Seek and encourage honest feedback from the leader  Clarify your role and expectations  Show appreciation  Keep the leader informed  Resist inappropriate influence from the leader

Determinants of follower influence Power Position Locus of control Education and Experience

Dual role of being a leader and a follower

Delegating is the process of assigning responsibility and authority for accomplishing objectives. Delegating refers to giving employees new tasks. Effective delegation requires consider about several factors, ex. follower characteristics.

Benefit of Delegation Can empower followers and give them more confidence Leader can improve their management and leadership potential Increased performance and work outcomes More communication between leaders and followers

Obstacles to Delegation Not trusting followers Confusing about delegating Delegating too little

Delegating Decisions Who to delegateWhat not to delegateDetermining to whom to delegate

Steps in Delegation Process Explain the need for delegating and the reasons for selecting the employee Set objectives that define responsibility, level of authority, and deadline Develop a plan Establish control checkpoints and hold employees accountable Step 1 Step 2Step 3Step 4

Follower Evaluation and Feedback People in general tend to be defensive when being evaluated, moreover when it comes to a negative evaluation. Some others questioning their abilities and threatens their self-estem.

Some leaders are not comfortable in judging the bad performance of their followers. However, evaluation is always important to fix those performance weaknesses.

Researchers and practitioners generally agree that followers are admire and respect the leaders who: show honesty, caring, understandng, and empathy during the evaluation process.

The followers wants a fair and effective evaluation 360 Degree multi-rater evaluation method: This methode of evaluation tool uses multiple sources: -Self -Peer -Superior -Customer -Suppliers

Pre evaluation and Feedback 1.Remind self to stay calm and professional 2.Gather acurate fact on followers performance 3.Remind self to avoid rush to judgement

During evaluation and feedback session 1.Be specific in stating performance deficiency 2.Explain negative impact of ineffective behaviour 3.Help followers identify reasons for poor performance 4.Ask followers to suggest remedies 5.Arrive at mutual agreement on specific action steps

Post evaluation and feedback session 1.Follow up to ensure implementation of action steps 2.Show desire to be of help to followers 3.Build followers self confidence