THE NON-ALIGNED STATES AND THE COLD WAR

Background Those that rejected superpower alliances Third World Massive decolonization after World War II in Africa and Asia Seized opportunities to resist imperialists Many of these states were anti- American, accused of neo- colonialism Informal imperialism, spheres of influence Similar feelings on USSR Non-Aligned Movement NAM feared nuclear exchange

Aims of the NAM Autonomy Used openings to ally with either the US or USSR to their advantage If pressure from one became too great, they would threaten to ally with the other Represented a good portion of the UN Shifted the balance of power in the General Assembly Non-Aligned Movement in the UN formed in 1961, 115 states Group of 77, established in 1964 Put pressure on industrial nations, needed economic aid Always seeking influence during smaller wars

Early Successes of the NAM Tito a communist in Yugoslavia Did not want to give up sovereignty Took aid from the US but resisted capitalism Ensured Stalin would not be aggressive, fear of US US Navy near by Invited Khrushchev for a visit in 1953 Asked for Tito’s blessing in Hungarian uprising Soviets took great trouble to get there

Growth of the NAM India and China important US had backed Pakistan NAM a way of India and Nehru striking back Potential leadership role in NAM Sino-Soviet split, China joins NAM Avoid hegemony Portray itself as the leader of newly liberated states Thought NAM could work with Marxism First NAM conference in 1955 Initiated by Tito, supported by Zhou En- lai and Nehru Increase membership, concern over arms race, ‘peaceful resolution’

Nasser and NAM Also at the conference Had the US fund the construction of the Aswan Dam Bought arms from Czechoslovakia Suez Canal Crisis the result Kept the canal, humiliated the colonial powers, checked his involvement with the US and USSR and emerged as the leader of Arab nationalism Demonstrated the superpowers could not always push smaller states around

NAM in the 60s and 70s Goals Encourage solidarity Warn superpowers against spreading Cold War Apply pressure against war Counter imperialism Restructure world economic order 1961 summit, letters to both Kennedy and Khrushchev 1962, power hurt with Sino-Indian border war 1970 second summit, many key leaders have died, many nations moving towards USSR US could not offer too much support, could not believe movement towards socialism Soviet promises of aid 1979 summit, Castro suggests natural alliance with the USSR

NAM in the 80s and 90s NAM turned against each other with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Muslim versus USSR-friendlies By 1980s, Third World was no longer meaningful All at different points of development Focus shifted away from politics to economic issues Essentially a product of the Cold War Struggling to remain relevant

CHALLENGES TO SOVIET CONTROL

Introduction Stalin established control throughout 1940s One-party rule dependent on USSR Nationalization of private enterprise Collectivization of industry and agriculture (Five Year Plans) Integration of economies Social and ideological controls Censorship of media Suppression of religious freedom Military presence of Soviet troops Political purges

Yugoslavia Successful resistance against the Germans in WWII Marshal Tito one of the resistance leaders Leader of Communist republic in 1945 Stalin cut off economic aid in 1948 Tito not affected Full contact with the West began Stalin responded by East European purges of Titoists Paved the way for other challenges

East Germany Riots in 1953 Exodus from East to West Thoughts of selling it to the West Softening of collectivization policies came too late High production targets Workers in Berlin revolt Quickly suppressed by the Red Army Embarrassment Possibility of neutrality gone Now buildup of the GDR

Khrushchev and His Challenges De-Stalinization led to loss of respect elsewhere in the world Had to use more force than ever in Hungary though Restored relations with Tito, not much help Revolt of workers in Poland in 1956 Polish Communist Party back to power, de-Stalinizing Khrushchev mobilized the Army Poland agreed to remain in Warsaw Pact Calmed Khrushchev down Allowed Wladyslaw Gomulka to remain in power COMPROMISE!?!?!?

Khrushchev and His Challenges Did not compromise over Hungary Repressive regime of Matyas Rakoski Riots, Red Army failed to crush them Moderate Imre Nagy negotiates their removal Announced Hungary would leave the Warsaw Pact and share power with non-Communist groups Khrushchev can’t tolerate this Suez Canal Crisis happening, launches offensive against Hungarians 20,000 killed, 3,000 Red Army Nagy executed, Janos Kadar put in place Americans took no action Hungary had been different than Poland, had lost control Events promote confidence in Khrushchev Americans would not intervene USSR could not always rely on loyalty though

Brezhnev and Czechoslovakia Dissatisfaction in the 60s First Secretary of the Communist Party Alexander Dubcek Prague Spring Modern and liberal economy Relations with the West, government criticism Careful to stay in the Warsaw Pact USSR resorted to force, troops New government subservient to Moscow Clear liberalism not tolerated Damage to international reputation

Poland in the 1980s Late 70s poor economic situation in Poland, unrest, shortages, strikes 1980, Gdansk shipyard workers went on strike under Lech Walesa Establishment of Solidarity, an independent trade union movement By 1981, 10 million members Threat to USSR USSR mobilizes Coup Reliable elements of Polish military overthrew government Banned Solidarity, declared martial law, banned activists Economic problems continue Weakened détente

Following Stalin? Khrushchev tried de-Stalinization Relationship with satellite states never changes Brezhnev Power remained centralized, still integrated economies Leaders were loyal to Moscow Red Army always brought in for unrest Brezhnev Doctrine

Afghanistan 1978, People’s Democratic Party seized power, pro-Soviet Coup from faction led by Hafizullah Amin then took over Anti-Muslim policies meant the rise of the Mujahedin, which declared holy war on Amin Amin seeking aid from Soviets and CIA Soviets needed someone safer Did not want Iranian situation, afraid of a bloodbath, thought it would open the door for American involvement Lack of response on Czechoslovakia encouraged them, détente already in trouble New regime under Babrak Kamal American response Invasion by proxy, Carter Doctrine Aid gave the rebels the upper hand, drained the Red Army Soviets leave in 1988, showed they were still pursuing Marxism expansion