Changing Politics and Power Relations European colonialism and a changing Middle East, s

W. European Transformation New state types New state types Emergence of the national state Emergence of the national state New economies New economies Exploration, exploitation, industrialization Exploration, exploitation, industrialization New ideas New ideas Science and Enlightenment; new scientific discourses Science and Enlightenment; new scientific discourses New identities New identities “Us” and “Them,” “Civilized world and “uncivilized” world, Orient & Occident; gradual emergence of nationalism “Us” and “Them,” “Civilized world and “uncivilized” world, Orient & Occident; gradual emergence of nationalism

Right, Gerome’s Napoleon in Egypt (1863) French invasion of Egypt, A romanticized painting of Napoleon inspecting a mummy at the Pyramids.

Definitions Imperialism Imperialism Policy of extending control over foreign entities either thru direct or indirect political or economic intervention Policy of extending control over foreign entities either thru direct or indirect political or economic intervention Colonialism Colonialism System in which a state claims sovereignty over a foreign people, its resources, & its territory System in which a state claims sovereignty over a foreign people, its resources, & its territory Cecil Rhodes, “From Cape to Cairo”, as depicted in a 19 th c. Punch magazine.

Imperialism in Africa, late 19 th -early 20 th century

Responses: Transformations in Ottoman rule, 19 th century Ottoman reform: The Tanzimat, 1830s-1870s Ottoman reform: The Tanzimat, 1830s-1870s Question from reading: What was the Tanzimat? What new duties did the Ottoman state take on during this time that differed from those in the past? Question from reading: What was the Tanzimat? What new duties did the Ottoman state take on during this time that differed from those in the past? Nationalism Nationalism loss of Ottoman territories, communal violence loss of Ottoman territories, communal violence Question from reading: What impact did loss of Ottoman territories have on the empire? Question from reading: What impact did loss of Ottoman territories have on the empire? From Young Ottomans to Young Turks From Young Ottomans to Young Turks Erosion of Ottoman economic and political independence Erosion of Ottoman economic and political independence Capitulations Capitulations European protection of non-Muslim minorities European protection of non-Muslim minorities 1881 Public Debt Administration 1881 Public Debt Administration

Interactions, settlements, occupations British outposts on the Arabian Peninsula, 1799 British outposts on the Arabian Peninsula, 1799 New settler colonialisms in North Africa New settler colonialisms in North Africa French and German investments and trade French and German investments and trade French annexation of Algeria, 1834 French annexation of Algeria, 1834 British administrative occupation of Egypt, 1882 British administrative occupation of Egypt, 1882 Russian and British imperialism in Iran Russian and British imperialism in Iran Jewish emigration to Palestine, late 19 th -20 th centuries Jewish emigration to Palestine, late 19 th -20 th centuries

The end of Empire: World War I and its aftermath Choosing the wrong side: The Ottomans in WWI Choosing the wrong side: The Ottomans in WWI Secret European agreements that divide up the empire into European-controlled areas Secret European agreements that divide up the empire into European-controlled areas Skyes-Picot Skyes-Picot Conflicting promises Conflicting promises

Ottoman soldiers marching in WWI. Source: Imperial War Museum, posted on Encarta.com

New Maps: the Mandate System League of Nations-sanctioned League of Nations-sanctioned Colonialism under new guise? Colonialism under new guise? certain parts of the world under “trusteeship” of various victorious European powers certain parts of the world under “trusteeship” of various victorious European powers British mandates in the MidEast: Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan British mandates in the MidEast: Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan French mandates in the MidEast: Syria, Lebanon French mandates in the MidEast: Syria, Lebanon

Outside the Mandate Independence: Turkey Independence: Turkey Mostly independent: Yemen, Saudi Arabia Mostly independent: Yemen, Saudi Arabia Direct colonial rule: Libya (Italy); Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia (French) Direct colonial rule: Libya (Italy); Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia (French) External control & influence: Iran (Britain, Russia, U.S.), Egypt (Britain) External control & influence: Iran (Britain, Russia, U.S.), Egypt (Britain) British treaties of protection: Kuwait, Oman, U.A.E. British treaties of protection: Kuwait, Oman, U.A.E.

The Practices of Colonialism What did the colonial state “look like” (Owen, pp )? What did the colonial state “look like” (Owen, pp )? How did colonial authorities rule and/or maintain control? (Owen, pp ) How did colonial authorities rule and/or maintain control? (Owen, pp ) What specific practices did they use to try and discipline both body and mind? Did European colonial authorities rule “alone” or did they have help? What specific practices did they use to try and discipline both body and mind? Did European colonial authorities rule “alone” or did they have help? What new types of politics emerged under colonial rule? (Owen, pp ) What new types of politics emerged under colonial rule? (Owen, pp )

Independence: When and How Military Coup: Egypt (1952), Iraq (1958) Military Coup: Egypt (1952), Iraq (1958) Revolution: Iran (1979) Revolution: Iran (1979) War: Turkey ( ), Algeria ( ), Israel (1948) War: Turkey ( ), Algeria ( ), Israel (1948) Uprising and Int. Agreement: Libya, Syria, Lebanon (after WWII) Uprising and Int. Agreement: Libya, Syria, Lebanon (after WWII) Treaty: Jordan (1946/8), Tunisia (1956), Morocco (1956) Treaty: Jordan (1946/8), Tunisia (1956), Morocco (1956) Communities promised states/autonomy that did not receive them: Palestinian Arabs, Kurds, Armenians Communities promised states/autonomy that did not receive them: Palestinian Arabs, Kurds, Armenians

Long-term impacts of colonialism Creation of new, national states in place of the Ottoman Empire (Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Turkey, etc.) Creation of new, national states in place of the Ottoman Empire (Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Turkey, etc.) Implanting of western-supported regimes (especially monarchies) that use violence to maintain authority. In many cases, these would later be violently overthrown. Implanting of western-supported regimes (especially monarchies) that use violence to maintain authority. In many cases, these would later be violently overthrown. Centralization of political power. Loss of rural autonomy. Centralization of political power. Loss of rural autonomy. Reorganization of social relationships among different groups. Reorganization of social relationships among different groups. Privileging of some religious and social groups over others, leading to future conflict. Privileging of some religious and social groups over others, leading to future conflict. Massive economic disruption. New economic relationships, with arrangements particularly benefiting western powers Massive economic disruption. New economic relationships, with arrangements particularly benefiting western powers New models: nationalism, “modernity vs traditional” New models: nationalism, “modernity vs traditional”