1 Chemistry 111 Sections 10.1 – 10.4 Chemistry 111

2 Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Topics –Electromagnetic (Light) Spectrum –Spectroscope –Bohr Model –Quantum Model (Schrödinger) Principle Orbital Shape Exclusion Electron Configuration Noble Gas Cores –Periodic Table Trends –Valence Electrons What we’ll do: –Light & Spectrometer Demonstration –Bohr Model Animation –Quantum Model – Beginning –Computerized Orbitals (breath) –Quantum Model Extension –Periodic Trends –Valence Electrons (ns 2 np 5 )

3 Electromagnetic Spectrum (Light) Visible Light (400 – 700 nm) Red 700 nm Yellow 585 nm Blue 491 nm Orange 647 nm Green 575 nm Violet 400 nm

4 Electromagnetic Spectrum (Light)

5 Spectroscope / Spectrometer

6 Bohr Model of the Atom View Animations Online View UV/Visible Spectrum of: –Hydrogen Lamp –Neon Lamp –Mercury Lamps (overhead lights) –Projector Lamp (Incandescent / W) –Fire works.

7 Quantum Model Bohr Model works perfectly for Hydrogen Doesn’t work well for rest of the periodic table. Refined with the Schrodinger Equation –Still have Bohr Energy Levels –Add “sublevels” – shape of the orbital –Multiple orbitals per sublevel. –2 Electrons per orbital

8 Quantum Model - n Principle Quantum Number (n) –n can be {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} –Corresponds to the ROWS on the periodic table

9 Quantum Model - Sublevels Sublevels = Shape Show Web Site with shapes. Possible Sublevels: –s, p, d, f –# of possible sublevels is same as value of n: n = 1: s sublevel only n = 2: s & p n = 3: s, p & d n = 4: s, p, d & f We never need more than f – there aren’t enough stable elements.

10 Quantum Model – the One s Orbitals “s” sublevels are “spherical” (round) These are the Alkali Metal & Alkaline Earth Metals!

11 Quantum Model – the Three p Orbitals “p” orbitals are sketched as pear-shapes (middle). There is one along each axis – x, y, z for a total of 3. These are the {Al, C, N, O} families, halogens, noble gases. Left: true shapeMiddle: sketchRight: All at once.

12 Quantum Model – the Five d Orbitals 4 of the “d” are 4-petal flowers. The 5 th is weird! These are the transition elements! These are the transition metals. B: True Shape C & D: Sketch E: The funny one.

13 Quantum Model – the Seven f Orbitals These are the Lanthanides & Actinides

14 Summary nSublevels # of Orbitals # of Electrons Total Electrons 1s only122 2s128 p3 3  2=6 3 s1218 p36 d5 5  2=10 4s,p,d,f1, 3, 5, 732

15 Sublevels & the Periodic Table

16 Team Exercise This chapter is mainly qualitative –We will use the team activity to actively review the topics. –Discuss what you don’t fully understand. –Note topics that you want me to go over. Review your chapter notes. –Update them with good ideas from teammates. GOAL / ASSIGNMENT: Spend time actively reviewing the material. Complete your active learning log.

17 Orbitals / Energy Levels Bigger orbitals have higher energy, electrons want to fill in the bottom levels first. Filling Order: 1s1s 2s 2p2s 2p 3s 3p 3d3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 6h 6i6s 6p 6d 6f 6h 6i 7s 7p 7d 7f 7h 7i 7j7s 7p 7d 7f 7h 7i 7j

18 Electron Configuration On Chalkboard: –Energy Level Diagrams –Shorthand #1: 1s 2 2s 2 3p 6 … –Shorthand #2: Noble Gas Core

19 Periodic Trends – Atomic Radii

20 Periodic Trends – Ionization Energy

21 Team Exercise Time This chapter is mainly qualitative –We will use the team activity to actively review the topics. –Discuss what you don’t fully understand. –Note topics that you want me to go over. Review your cheatsheets –Update them with good ideas from teammates. GOAL / ASSIGNMENT: Spend time actively reviewing the material. Complete your active learning log.