Particular sentences & Readings Sergio Pizziconi

Plan of the day Plan - Review - Readings - Particular sentences - Review - Readings - Particular sentences EXTRA-CLASS work: Read Chp 2 cases 8 (KELLOGG’s) and 9 (MCDONALD’s); Chp 4 reading 1 (Best places) and 4 (Kraft) [MARK relative clauses & aspect-tenses] Keep on working on your CVs and cover letter [try to make the sample letter in the text-book YOUR OWN letter] Keep working on your project. Make certain you print out and bring to class next week this file: SentencesINDUCTIVE.docx Download it either from the facebook page or the dept’s website.

Review: Phonology 1/1 Vowels: exercises from /i/ to /a/ and from /u/ to / ɒ / (lowering your jaw) from /i/ to /u/ mind driven; puff of air (see IPA chart). // Where accent falls is relevant: 1) OBject (n.) – obJECT (v.), 2) if lost, stress the first syllable, you’re likely to sound right. // Stress movement shortens/weakens previously stressed vowels (also in writing): proNOUNce  pronunCIAtion // This Miss /s/ unvoiced These Ms. /z/ voiced// “gh” mute (though, thought) OR /f/ (rough, tough)

Review: Morphology 1 IRREGULAR VERBS: choose – chose – chosen seek – sought – sought Grow - ????? - ?????? Show- ????? - ?????? Know - ????? - ?????? [report the paradigm of irregular verbs you write in your maps] ADJ+ly  ADV; N+ly  ADJ // V+er  N(s.o./s.t. does V) // To+N(and most words)  V (google  to google; wow  to wow) // V + ance/ence  N (differ+ence, perfom+ance) // Help+less antonym help+ful // Adj+ en  V (to make s.o./s.t Adj) // Adj(max2syll.) + er  Adj (comparative: more Adj) Adj(max2syll.) + est  Adj (superlative: most Adj) BUT: good – better – best; bad – worse – worst // Singular: Thesis, Analysis, Hypothesis, Axis /s/ unvoiced Plural: Theses, Analyses, Hypotheses Axes /z/ voiced // Datum (sing.) Data (pl.) Criterion, phenomenon (sing.) Criteria, phenomena (pl.)

Review: Morphology 2 Personal Pr. subject I you he she it we you (all) they who Personal Pr. Non - subject me you him her it us you (all) them whom Reflexive myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves Possessive Adjectives my your his her its our your their Possessive Pronouns mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs Sets of personal pronouns and possessive

Review: Morphology 3 Possessive My Your His Her Its Our Your Their Luke’s mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs Tony’s car is affordableis expensive

Review: Morphology 4 Verb tenses 1 Past (simple) Non-past: present (simple) NOW Past Non-Past I go to school tomorrow I go to school everyday In 1776 the USA declare their independence

Review: Morphology 5 Verb tenses 2 Past (simple) Non-past: present (simple) NOW Past Non-Past Futurity: I go to school tomorrow I am going to school tomorrow I’m going to go to school tomorrow I will go to school tomorrow

Review: Morphology 6 Tense-aspect 3 They usually refer to a habitual action: I go to school [as my main activity today] I went to school last year [as my main activity then] To remark habits in the past: I used to go to school last year I would go to school everyday Past (simple) Non-past: present (simple) NOW Past Non-Past

Review: Morphology 7 Tense-aspect 4 Simple Continuous/Progressive Habitual process On-going process: To be + V-ing NOW Their price is decreasing When I bought the shares, their price was decreasing Their price will be decreasing

Review: Morphology 8 Tense-aspect 5 Habitual process On-going: To be + V-ing NOW I have started this project two weeks ago The deadline was yesterday but I had started the project two months ago When you will be back, they will have finished the project Simple Continuous/Progressive Perfect Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed

Review: Morphology 9 Tense-aspect 6 Habitual process On-going: To be + V-ing NOW I have started this project two weeks ago The deadline was yesterday but I had started the project two months ago When you will be back, they will have finished the project Simple Continuous/Progressive Perfect Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed I started the project two months ago because the deadline was yesterday

I have been working on this project for four weeks I have been working on this project since last month (2013) Review: Morphology 10 Duration form 7 Habitual process On-going: To be + V-ing NOW Simple Continuous/Progressive Perfect Perfect continuous Some link with ensuing time: To have + V-ed Some link with present and on-going : To have + BEEN + V-ing BUT: I have known you all since March 10th

Review: Syntax 1 Verbs: transitive Vs. intransitive (Direct object, Indirect object, Oblique object)// passive Vs. active (mentioned)// AUXILIARY verb for the perfect tenses (actually, aspect) ALWAYS to have (e.g., Things have changed) BUT: passive voice (e.g., Rules were changed by the CEO) or few constructions (e.g., are you finished?) // Phrasal verbs. Verb+ ADV or Prep. To bring about = to cause, to engender (causare, determinare) // Typical declarative sentence structure: Subj + Verb +….. Typical negative: Subject + do/does/did + not+ V(base form) Typical question: Do/Does/Did + Subject + V(base form) N.B. When some sort of auxiliary is already in the sentence USE IT instead of adding to do Emphatic statement Subj +do/does/did +V(base form) // What brings about unemployement? (what = SUBJECT) What does unemployment bring about? (what = ????) WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion RIGHT: ????

Review: Syntax 2 Skoda is…, Italy/France/Japan is… [WITHOUT article] BUT The United States of America, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands // Once upon a time there was a small village in the country. The village was… [see vignette below] In light of (mainly US) In the light of (mainly UK) [see FOEs for possessive case and article]// TRANSITIVE: to raise (raised – raised); to lay (laid – laid) INTRANSITIVE: to rise (rose – risen); to lie (lay – lain) (lying) N.B.: to lie (to say something untrue) (lied – lied) (lying)

Review: Syntax 3 Modal verbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could, might, would, should + BARE INFINITIVE (without to) Interrogative: MODAL + Subj + BARE INFINITIVE (must I go?) Negative: Subj + MODAL + not + BARE INFINITE (I mustn’t go, I cannot go OR I can’t go, I won’t go) They do not take to before or after: WRONG To may, to must, to could… WRONG WRONG I can to go, you may to talk… WRONG They do not take –s for 3° person singular WRONG he cans do, she mays do… WRONG They have no tense it’s a matter of distance from reality: Next year, I am/will be/can be/ may be/could be/might be in the UK I want TO focus/analyze I would like TO focus/analyze

Review: syntax 4 S V (D.O.) (I.O.) Why? Where? When? How? On what condition? (Att) Links within the text About the relation between interlocutors CircumstancesTextual markers General structure of the sentence

What sentence constituent is the underlined subordinate clause replacing? – I think (that) you can do excellent projects – Io penso che … – Can you replace “that” (“che”) with “which” (“il/la/i/le quale/i”)? What’s the difference between the two uses of “honestly” below? – Honestly, I don’t think you can win the game – I don’t think you can honestly win the game Review: Syntax 5 D.O. replacing subordinate clause Discourse Marker (relation to interlocutors) Vs. Circumstance

Review: Syntax 6 We have already sold the books that we received XXXX yesterday We have already sold the books that XXXX were delivered yesterday A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase A relative pronoun A clause with a missing element A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase A relative pronoun A clause with a missing element Basic relative clauses

Review: Syntax 7 Omitted relative pronoun: – From AMWAY: These distributors sell to people [that/whom] they know or meet. Whiz (omitted which and auxiliary to be): – From BIC: Most large companies produce a variety of goods and services XXX XXX [which are] designed to meet customers’ needs… Fused relative pronoun: – From BIC: This case study shows how [the way in which] BIC understands product life cycles Other details about relative clauses

Review: Syntax 8 Try to figure out what the pair below has to do with relative clauses: Restrictive Vs Non-restrictive The car that is parked in front of the department is mine My car, which is parked in front of the department, is a FIAT Restrictive Vs Non-restrictive

Review: Pragmatics 1/1 Do not pick on students or class fellows. //“See you later.”// Language varies across jobs. //Think it over before saying “No, this is wrong” Recommended: “Very interesting point/question. Let me point out though that…” or some sort of hedging (softening expression). // How is it going? How (are) you doing? What’s up? Wassup? Sup?  It’s always Good.// Expectation of truthful statement. // Lag time between turns: When asking for questions, wait for a longer time.// Greetings (see next slide)// FORMAL: Dr. Pizziconi, your course is interesting [NOT: his/her]. INFORMAL: Sergio, your course is interesting. {“On a first name basis” “May I call you Sergio?”}.

Review: Pragmatics (Appendix) Pragmatics: InformalFormal GreetingsSup? Wassup? What’s up? How you doing? How is it going? How are you doing ? Good morning/afternoon/e vening Intro“(very) nice/glad/pleased to meet you! How do you do? Parting after first meeting (very) nice/glad/pleased meeting you!

Review: Tools 1/1 Tools: Also, the financial and legal dictionaries within and the Idioms section. // Check for the frequency of sentences googling them in quotes “……..” // Semantics of prototypes // Google advanced search: with pdf and site:.edu (US universities) or.ac.edu (UK universities) SUNECO’s library’s link to “online sources” (Open access journals)

FOEs 1/5 - Information (uncountable: much information NOT many informations, NOT an information) -Economy Vs Economics -Security (against criminal actions) Vs Safety (against dangerous actions) - Across (time, space whether real or abstract) Vs Through (space; means/tool) -Frequent (a bar, a restaurant) Vs attend (a course/program/school) -I study English Vs I study the English language -Aim/Attempt at (+ N; V-ing) OR to (+ V-base form) - A + consonant sound! OR pronounced h : a house, a university An + vowel sound! OR mute h: an unpredictable even, an hour. - Principal (of a secondary school), head, chair (of a Department), dean (of a college) president (of a university)

FOEs 2/5 - I’m graduated FROM Aversa high school I graduated FROM/AT Aversa high school - Such as (listing examples) as (in the function of) - Comparison and manner: As (+entire clause) like (+noun) -Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the US. In fact it’s the largest (  A dire il vero) -Industry usually means productive sector. Plant, factory (are the words for the place where things are manufactured) -When a word is not used because of its meaning but as a word to be dealt with, mark it somehow: The verb can expresses…; The verb “can” expresses…; The verb can expresses -Matricola (the person) = freshman/freshmen -Matricola (the number) = Student ID number

FOEs 3/5 What’s wrong in the sentence below? – WRONG Is more correct to use “may” to mean permission. You need a subject! Io sono d’accordo  I agree with+N/ to +Vbase form (clause)…. [NOT: I am agree] A Facebook page is/isn’t useful to keep in touch [NOT for to keep in touch] Possessive case: The doctor’s house Vs X Dr. Smith’s house The consumer’s choice Vs The consumers’ choice BUT The child’s toy Vs The children’s toy BUT X Giordano’s book Vs The Giordano book

FOEs 4/5 (charts) Fall – fell – fallen WRONG: his trend is regular RIGHT: ???? ITA: media  ENG: mean (on average) Price varies according to volume WRONG: It is steadily for the first part RIGHT: It is steady. It levels steadily. It is steadily high. WRONG: After there is a slowly fall RIGHT: ???? WRONG: Before it varies RIGHT: ???? PREPOSITIONS AprilMay June IN June ON May 23rd DURING the month AT the end of June

FOEs 5/5 One – first 1 st Two – second 2 nd Three – third 3 rd Four – fourth 4 th …… Twenty one – Twenty first 21 st Twenty two – Twenty second 22 nd Twenty third – Twenty third 23 rd Twenty four – Twenty fourth 24 th …. Thirty one – Thirty first 31 st ….. To enter If it refers to s.o. or s.t that moves into a place, to enter is transitive: A company enters the market But if it refers… [see activity]

Review: Financial reporting Suppose this is a chunk of your paper. The reason why even small companies might be interested in translating their financial reports into English is connected to plans of internationalization. In Giordano’s words: / Giordano explains: Why do companies translate their Financial Statements into English, even though they are not obliged to? The reason lies in the need to inform foreign stakeholders (customers, providers and other potential partners) of their activities and business issues. (Giordano 2012: 246) Giordano, W. (2012). English for Business Communication. Milano: Egea

Review: Acconto: Down-payment or Advance payment? I would like our extended community of knowledge to solve the issue. Let’s state the issue by looking at the definitions of the two English words in the financial dictionary. The conclusion might also be along the lines: From a logical/semantic point of view, we should not use “advance payment”. However, language use is different in this specific domain.

Same structure/similar terms Terminology activity The completed map MUST be in your portfolio Same structure/different terms Different structure/Transparent terms Different structure/Opaque terms Share capital receivables Decimi non versati Intangible assets Immobilizzazioni immateriali Property buildings Terreni e fabbricati Licenses, trademarks and others Licenze, marchi ed altro Fixed assets Immobilizzazioni materiali

Paper outline & Presentation slides draft The blocks I expect in your projects – Introduction – Literature review – Hypothesis/es OR research question/s – (Methodology) – Data/results – Discussion – Conclusion – References Title and your name Xxxxxxx xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx xxxxxxx

In-class activity (a) 1) Look at the chart on page 71: Manugistics 5 lines: Describe the trends and explain “the causal factor” 2) Analyze this sentence Therefore, McDonald’s Restaurant Managers need to ensure that the data they enter into the system is as accurate as possible. Use the sheet with sentencesINDUCTIVE.docx

In-class activity (b) 3) What is the grammar phenomenon that characterizes all the sentences? Look at sentences 2 and 16. 3a) Write a ONE sentence explanation along the lines, “All the sentences show/have……..” 3b) Group sentences (either 2 or 4) that show our phenomenon under similar conditions. Start with apparent conditions; e.g. 2 and 16 or 3 and 9. Write a LETTER to name the group (see the table). 3c) Determine what the condition is (see the table).

MUSTs & MUST-NOTs MINIMUM MUSTs MUST rephrase MUST cite sources MUST circumscribe your scope MUSTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment MUST carry out YOUR OWN analysis MINIMUM MUST-NOTs MUST NOT copy and paste MUST NOT hide sources MUST NOT write your paper in the slides MUST-NOTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment MUST NOT just repeat what other scholars wrote