Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The Resonant Interface HCI Foundations for Interaction Design First Edition by Steven Heim Chapter 5: Design

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-2 Chapter 5 Design Technology Myopia Conceptual Design Physical Design Evaluation Physical Design Cont. Interface Design Standards

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-3 Technology Myopia Interaction designs must be sensitive to: –Human-human communication –Implicit Knowledge –Non-technical aspects of work Integrate technology and human activities carefully

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-4 Conceptual Design Conceptual design involves –Structuring the information space –Creating of alternative solutions –Determining which design concept to pursue

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-5 Conceptual Design The tools involved in conceptual design: –Brainstorming –Card sort –Semantic networks –Personas –Scenarios –Flowcharts –Cognitive walkthroughs –Use cases

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-6 Conceptual Design - Brainstorming Team activity –Stream-of-consciousness –Semantic networks –Storyboarding Brainstorming sessions generate a lot of material that must be filtered and organized

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-7 Conceptual Design – Card Sort Card Sorting can be used to discover user-centered groupings Card sorting can be used to organize the information collected in the discovery phase Used to define groupings for menus, controls and Web page content Used to generate labels for menus, buttons and navigation links

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-8 Conceptual Design – Card Sort Result of a card sort

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-9 Conceptual Design – Card Sort Advantages of card sorting sessions: –They are quick and easy to perform. –They can be done before any preliminary designs have been made. –They will let you know how people organize information. –They will expose underlying structures.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-10 Conceptual Design – Card Sort Disadvantages of card sorting sessions: –They only involve the elements that you have written on the cards. –They suggest solutions that imply structures. –They become difficult to navigate with more categories.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-11 Conceptual Design – Semantic Network A semantic network is a web of concepts that are linked through association.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-12 Conceptual Design – Semantic Network Advantages of semantic networks: –They allow an easy way to explore the problem space. –They provide a way to create clusters of related elements. –They provide a graphical view of the problem space. –They resonate with the ways in which people process information.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-13 Conceptual Design – Semantic Network Disadvantages of semantic networks: –They require knowledge of the problem space. –They can lead beyond the problem space. –There is no formal semantics for defining symbol meaning.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Design Process Interpretation (ch4) –Stakeholder Profiles –Use Cases 1-14 Design (ch5) –Personas –Paper Prototypes Discovery (ch4) –Questionnaires –Requirements Document

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-15 Conceptual Design – Personas Personas are archetypes of actual users, defined by the user’s goals and attributes. “Personas are derived from patterns observed during interviews with and observations of users and potential user (and sometimes customers) of a product” (Cooper & Reimann, 2003, 67)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-16 Conceptual Design – Personas A persona is created by identifying the primary stakeholder and creating an identity based on the stakeholder profiles and other collection activities such as interviews and surveys. A persona is a detailed description complete with as many personally identifying attributes as necessary to make it come to life.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-17 Conceptual Design – Personas Personas should be a strict reflection of the information derived from the collection activities. If you cannot point to a direct one-to-one relation with an observed user behavior, then that particular persona characteristic is either unnecessary or, more important, erroneous and will lead to incorrect design decisions.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-18 Conceptual Design – Personas Advantages of personas: –They are quick and easy to create. –They provide a consistent model for all team members. –They are easy to use with other design methods. –They make the user real in the mind of the designer. Disadvantages of personas: –They can be difficult to create if the target audience is international. –Having too many personas will make the work difficult. –There is a risk of incorporating unsupported designer assumptions.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Example Persona The interface is an interface to a poetry journal website called Circumference that specializes in translation 1-19

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-20 Physical Design The physical design involves: –What it will look like –What components it will require –How the screens will be laid out We use the following tools during this phase: –Low-fidelity prototypes –Evaluations –Wireframes –Functional prototypes

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-21 Physical Design - Low-fidelity prototypes Nielsen distinguishes between two types of prototypes –Horizontal –Vertical

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-22 Physical Design - Low-fidelity prototypes The three main criteria for low-fidelity prototypes: –Easy and inexpensive to make. –Flexible enough to be constantly changed and rearranged. –Complete enough to yield useful feedback about specific design questions.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-23 Activity: MAKE A PAPER PROTOTYPE People are more comfortable criticizing paper prototypes You will have to make some decisions before you begin: –What feedback do you need at this point in the design process? –How much of the design should you prototype? –Should you cover all of the areas but without great detail (breadth vs. depth)? –Should you cover one area in great detail? These questions will help you to define the scope of the prototype and focus on what you want to accomplish

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-24 Physical Design - Low-fidelity prototypes Advantages of paper prototypes: –They can be used early and often. –They are inexpensive and easy to create. –They make design ideas visual. –No special knowledge is required; all team members can create them. Disadvantage of paper prototypes: –They are not interactive. –They cannot be used to calculate response timings. –They do not deal with interface issues such as color or font size.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-25 Conceptual Design – Scenarios, Flowcharts, and Cognitive Walkthroughs Scenarios –A description of a typical task –It describes The basic goal The conditions that exist at the beginning of the task The activities in which the persona will engage The outcomes of those activities Scenarios afford a rich picture of the user’s tasks

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-26 Conceptual Design – Scenarios, Flowcharts, and Cognitive Walkthroughs Flowcharts can be: –Simple network diagrams that identify the pages of a Web site and the navigational links between them –Sophisticated diagrams that capture conditional junctures and computational processes

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-27 ACTIVITY: EVALUATE YOUR PROTOTYPE Cognitive walkthrough - the evaluator follows the various scenarios using the flowcharts or the low-fidelity prototypes The evaluator takes the part of the primary stakeholder and tries to accomplish that stakeholder’s various tasks

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-28 Evaluation Begin evaluations early in the design process. Evaluation is an integral part of the development process and can take the form of an informal walkthrough or a more structured heuristic evaluation. Formal usability testing can begin once a prototype has been developed. Discuss some of the benefits of starting the evaluation process early in the design phase

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-29 Evaluation – Heuristic Evaluation Heuristic evaluations are performed by usability experts using a predetermined set of criteria designed to measure the usability of a proposed design. The evaluator follows a scenario through the design and tests each step against the heuristic criteria. The evaluator makes recommendations to the design team either through a written document or during a team meeting.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-30 Evaluation – Nielsen’s Heuristics In collaboration with Rolf Molich, Jakob Nielsen developed a set of 10 heuristics for interface design. The revised set based on an analysis of 249 usability problems.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-31 Physical Design Cont. - Wireframes Wireframes define: –Basic page layout –Screen components Wireframes are developed from flowcharts and paper prototypes They are basically more evolved paper prototypes that include detailed information about the interface elements

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-32 Physical Design Cont. - Wireframes Wireframes help to create template layouts that can be used to impose a consistent structure throughout the interface

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-33 Physical Design Cont. – Wireframes Web Formats –Web sites from different domains use layouts particular to that domain Use page layouts that are common to the domain Use flexible design for Web pages

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-34 Evaluation – Functional Prototypes Functional prototypes are interactive prototypes that represent various degrees of functionality –They can either be horizontal or vertical Functioning prototypes can be created using RAD environments, such as: –Microsoft –Visual Studio –Adobe Flash Dreamweaver Director

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-35 Interface Design Standards These tools promote standards-based designs that have a consistent look and feel –Graphical libraries –User interface toolkits –Visual interface builders –Web development tools Working in a standardized environment increases efficiency and promotes learning (Cooper & Reimann, 2003)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-36 Interface Design Standards Shneiderman and Plaisant (2005, 185) identified the following benefits from the use of high-level software tools User Interface Independence –They separate interface design from internals. –They enable multiple user interface strategies. –They enable multiple-platform support. –The establish the role of the user interface architect. –They enforce standards. Methodology and Notation –They facilitate the development of design procedures. –They help in finding ways to talk about design. –They create project management.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-37 Interface Design Standards Rapid Prototyping –The make it possible to try out ideas very early. –They make it possible to test, revise, test, revise,.... –They engage end users—managers and customers. Software Support –They increase productivity. –They offer constraint and consistency checks. –They facilitate team approaches. –They ease maintenance.