Write the COMPLEMENTARY DNA strand for each sequence. TACGGCAAACTTACT 2. TACGCCATT 3. TACAAAAAGTGGATC

DNA Replication Review Flash Tutorial

Learning Targets “I Can. . .” -List three ways that RNA is different from DNA. -List the three types of RNA. -Describe the role of mRNA and tRNA during protein synthesis. -Define “transcription” and where it occurs in the eukaryotic cell. -Define “translation” and where it occurs in the eukaryotic cell.

Protein Synthesis DNA  RNA  Protein

What is RNA? Ribonucleic Acid Nucleotides A G C U ADENINE GUANINE CYTOSINE URACIL

What is RNA? Ribonucleic Acid Contains the sugar ribose, rather than deoxyribose Is single stranded, rather than double stranded Three types: mRNA (Messenger) tRNA (Transfer) rRNA (Ribosomal)

Why do we have protein in our bodies? 1. Enzymes 2. Major component of the cell membrane 3. Structural component of skin and muscle 4. Basically, DNA codes for protein, which become you!

Recall: DNA is made of nucleotides strung together into a chain Recall: DNA is made of nucleotides strung together into a chain. These nucleotides code for amino acids. 1. Amino acids: the subunits strung together in a protein chain 2. The four nucleotides are grouped into threes: these groups of three are called codons.

AAA = _________________ GGA = _________________ Recall: DNA is made of nucleotides strung together into a chain. These nucleotides code for amino acids. 3. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid that is to be placed in the protein PAGE 367 AAA = _________________ GGA = _________________ AUG = _________________ UAA = _________________

DNA RNA (Transcription) 1. Transcription: a molecule of DNA is copied into an opposite strand of mRNA *Transcription occurs because DNA cannot leave the nucleus, and proteins are made outside the nucleus

DNA RNA (Transcription)

DNA RNA (Transcription) 2. Steps: a. DNA strands are separated by an enzyme b. An mRNA strand is created from the DNA strand to be copied (remember base-pairing rules except . . . ) *G with C *A with U

DNA RNA (Transcription) DNA = TACCGTTGCAACATT mRNA =

RNA Protein (Translation)

RNA  Protein (Translation) 1. Translation: the creation of a chain of amino acids from mRNA mRNA = AUGGCAACGUUGUAA Amino acids =

RNA  Protein (Translation) 2. Translation requires tRNA, which carries amino acids and rRNA, which makes ribosomes 3. Ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm and attached to the ER are the location of protein translation

Alleles for diseases come from mutations Mutations: mistakes made during DNA replication or protein synthesis 1. Nucleotide substitution: TATGCA becomes TATTCA 2. Nucleotide addition: TATGCA becomes TATGGCA 3. Nucleotide deletion: TATGCA becomes TATCA All produce frameshift mutations!

RNA  Protein (Translation) 1. TACGGCAAACTTACT DNA mRNA Protein

RNA  Protein (Translation) 2. TACGCCATT DNA mRNA Protein

RNA  Protein (Translation) 3. TACAAAAAGTGGATC DNA mRNA Protein

References http://www.safarikscience.org/biologyhome/7_dna/codon_question.png http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1994/codon_bingo.php https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27TxKoFU2Nw