The Enlightenment

Greeks and Romans Greek contribution – Study of history, math, and political science, – idea of democracy..all citizens could vote Roman contribution – Republic..citizens have power – Rule of Law: law is applied = to all – Latin

How did early religions contribute? Judaism(Jew): – part of Rome – Worship 1 God – Covenant..agreement with you and God – 10 Commandments..moral laws Christianity: – Started with Jesus’ resurrection – 1 God – Spread to Europe

Religion cont Isalm – Arab based – 1 God – Rise of universities

Who was Thomas Aquinas? Catholic priest Believed in scholasticism..use of reason to explore faith Natural Law..belief that gov’t did not have to make all laws that people have rights such as the right to learn, to live, to worship, to reproduce

What was the Renaissance period in Europe? Time of new ideas Pursuit of learning and art spread to Europe

What was Protestantism? Led by Martin Luther – Disagreement with Catholic church/pope due to abuse of power – Split to form Protestantism – Good work would be saved John Calvin..Calvinism – God already determined who was saved and people had to work to prove they were worth saving – Work ethic today

Puritans Wanted to purify the English Church Persecuted by King James..moved to Americas Founded colonies of Mass., Conn., New Hampshire, Rhode Island

Political changes in Europe Glorious Revolution – Elected representatives of the people limited the power of the monarchs/kings English Bill of Rights – Basic rights guaranteed – Foundation of American Bill of Rights

Thomas Hobbs & John Locke English Thinkers Thomas Hobbs – Wrote Leviathan – Monarch/King needed to make decisions for people – People are violent and selfish John Locke – Wrote Two Treatises of Civil Government – Gov’t answers to people – Gov’t is to protect people’s rights thru a contract or agreement – Believed in Natural Law

Influence in Science reason takes hold in government and science Copernicus & Galileo: earth not center of universe..sun is Newton: gravity holds solar system in orbit Scientific method: orderly way to collect and analyze data – Francis Bacon Enlightened thinkers felt reason better than tradition or faith – Called philosophers..French word – Teachers, writers, journalists, observers of society

Voltaire: church too powerful..gov’t should allow more religions Diderot: wrote Encyclopedia Charles de Montesquieu – Wrote Spirit of Laws – Separation of power into 3 branches Executive..enforce laws Legislative..make laws Judicial…interpret laws Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Wrote Social Contract – People governed by what everybody wants – Feelings more important than reason

Magna Carta of 1215 – Limited power of the royals/king – Protected the nobles English Bill of Rights 1689 – Monarch could not tax people with consent of Parliament – Fair and speedy trial – Petition the king without punishment

Representative Government In England and American colonies People elect delegates to make laws and conduct government influenced by the ideas of Locke..natural rights and government was responsible to the people