The Theory of Machines and Mechanisms Chapter 5. Friction and Efficiency Sun Zhihong 67792564-108.

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Presentation transcript:

The Theory of Machines and Mechanisms Chapter 5. Friction and Efficiency Sun Zhihong

Today’s topic Forces in machinery( 机械中的作 用力 ) Friction force in kinematic pairs ( 运动副中的摩擦力 ) Reaction force and friction angle in kinematic pair( 运动副中的总 反力和摩擦角 )

Driving force 驱动力 Resistance 阻抗力 Effective resistance 有效阻力 Harmful resistance 有害阻力 Forces in machinery Driving force( 原动力 ) Working resistance ( 生产阻力 ) Gravity( 重力 ) Inertial force( 惯性力 ) Resistance of medium( 介质阻力 ) Reaction in kinematic pairs( 运动副 中的反力 ) Friction force( 摩擦力 )

Friction force in kinematic pair 机械运转中伴随着力的传递,从而在各运动副 中产生摩擦力。 摩擦将消耗掉一部分能量,降低机械效率。 摩擦生热,若散热不良,将妨碍构件的正常 工作及润滑油的有效作用。 摩擦使运动副元素磨损,影响机械的寿命、 精度和可靠性。 摩擦传动、带传动、螺栓联接、摩擦离合器 与制动器等是利用摩擦力进行有效工作的。

Friction force in sliding pair If block 1 slides on guider 2 at a constant velocity, then F f21 = f F N21 normal force of guider 2 to block 1 friction coefficient between 1 and 2 friction force of guider 2 to block 1 (opposite to v 12 ) v 12 G F N F f21 F,F,

Types of commonly used sliding pairs G F N Flat plan 1 2 v wedge- shaped plan 1 2 v Cylindrical plan 1 v

When two bodies contact with a single flat plan F N21 =G F f21 =f F N21 =f G F N v 12 F f21 G

When two bodies contact with a wedge- shaped plan ∵ 2( F N21 / 2)sin θ = G ∴ F N21 = 2( F N21 /2)= G / sin θ 则 F f21 = f F N21 = f G / sin θ = ( f / sin θ ) G = f v G f v is equivalent coefficient ( 当量摩擦系数 ) : f v = f /sin θ F N21 /2 G F N v 12 F f21 F N21 /2 G θθ θ

When two bodies contact with a cylindrical plan 其 F N21 是半圆周上各法向反力的数量总和 : F N21 = k G k 接触情况系数 (数值由试验得出) ≈1 (点、线接触) k = π /2 (半圆周均匀接触) =1 ~ π/2 (其余情况) ∴ F f21 = f F N21 = f k G =( f k ) G = f v G 当量摩擦系数 G F N21 1 v 12 F f21 G

Conclusion: friction force in sliding pair : F f21 = f F N21 = f v G G ----vertical outer load f v ---- equivalent coefficient 1. 平面接触时 : f v =f 2. 楔形面接触时 : f v =f /sin θ ( θ 楔形角的一半 ) 3. 圆柱面接触时 : f v = kf  在大小相同的外载荷的作用下,槽面接触(楔形面接 触)能比平面接触产生更大的摩擦力,这个概念在工 程设计中被广泛应用  V 形表面和圆柱形表面摩擦力大的原因是:在受到同 样大小外力的作用下,这两种接触面的法向反力 F N21 比平面的法向反力大,而摩擦系数没有改变。

移动副中的反力、摩擦角 总反力 ( Reaction force ) :运动副中法向反力和摩擦力的 合力称为运动副中的总反力,用 F Rij 表示; F Rij = F Nij + F f21 摩擦角 (friction angle): 总反力 F Rij 与法向反力 F Nij 之间的夹 角称为摩擦角,用 φ 表示 ∵ tan φ = F f21 / F N21 = f F N21 / F N21 = f ∴ φ =arctan f (或当量摩擦角 φ v =arctan f v ) F N v 12 F f21 F R21 φ G

总反力 F Rij ’ 方向的确定  指向物体 j  在接触点处与公法线呈 φ 角  方向与 v ji 指向相反(即, F R2 与 v 12 夹 90°+ φ ) F N v 12 F f21 F R21 φ G n n

Example 已知:斜面倾角 α 、材料间摩擦系数 f 、重物 重量 G 求 : 1) 使滑块沿斜面等速上升的水平驱动力 F 2) 保持滑块等速下滑的水平力 F’ F ( F’ ) G α

解( 1 ):以斜面上重物为分析对象进行受力 分析,并做力三角形, 找两已知外力之间的关 系,得 F = G tan( α+φ ) F G α φ α+φ v 12 F R21 F G 2 1 等速上升 法线

解( 2 ):作力三角形找两已知外力之间的关系,即得 F’= G tan(α-φ ) α-φ F’ G F R21 逆 G 而上称正行程,顺 G 而下称反行程。 F’ G α φ v 12 F R 等速下降 当 α>φ, F’ 为正, 是阻止滑块 1 加速下滑的阻抗力, G 为驱动力 ; 但若 α<φ, F’ 的值将为负, 说明图上的 F’ 应反向, 成为驱动力。这意味着由于斜度 较小,无论 G 多大,滑块在斜面上都不会自动下滑,需要 F’ 推动才能等速下滑, 此时 F’ 已转化为驱动力。这种现象称为斜面的反行程自锁现象。自锁条件是 α<φ 。

Ex2: 利用斜面与滑块的关系进行螺纹 ( 旋 ) 副的力分析 矩形螺纹:拧紧螺母(或是使螺母等速上升 — 正行程)的驱 动力矩为: M= Fd 2 /2=G tan(α+φ)d 2 /2 若是三角螺纹牙, φ 改为当量摩擦角 φ v φ v = actan[ f /sin(90°-β)]= actan ( f /cosβ ) F 矩形螺纹牙 d2d2 M G β θ θ=90°- β β-- 牙型半角 (标准值)

Friction force in revolute pair 机器中的所有的转动轴都要支承在轴承( bearing )中, 轴放入轴承孔的部分称为轴颈 轴颈 轴承 轴

设:轴 1 在轴承孔中等速转动, 则: M f = F f21 r = f v G r = M d 其中: r 轴的半径 F f21 轴承 2 对轴 1 的摩擦力 M f 轴承 2 对轴 1 的摩擦力矩 (与 ω 12 方向相反) 根据力的平衡条件 ∑F Y =0 有: G=F R21 根据力矩平衡条件 ∑M O =0 有 : M d = F R21 ρ = G ρ ∴摩擦力矩 M f = f v G r= G ρ ρ= f v r ( 摩擦圆半径 ) Friction moment between shaft and bearing r F f21 ω 12 M d 2 1 G F R21 ρ O F N21

Reaction force and friction circle of revolute pair Friction circle 以轴心 O 为圆心,以 ρ(ρ= f v r) 为半径所作的圆称为摩擦 圆。 ( 引入摩擦圆是为了便于确定转动副中总反力 F Rij 的方 位。 ) r F f21 ω 12 M d 2 1 G F R21 ρ O Decision of reaction force F Rij a. 根据力平衡条件确定总反 力方向 b. 使总反力与摩擦圆相切 c. 使总反力对轴心之矩方向 与 ω ji 方向相反

Friction force in higher pair  高副中存在的滚动摩擦相对其滑动摩擦来说是很小 的,可忽略不计。  忽略滚动摩擦后,平面高副中的摩擦力和总反力的 确定方法与移动副完全相同。 1 2 ω 21 F R12 F f12 V 21 φ

Example 2 : 求图示机构中转动副 B 、 C 中作用力方 向线的位置( P.92 ) ω1ω B C γ β F R12 F R32 解题方法: 1. 作摩擦圆 2. 判断杆件受拉还是 压;杆上的各总反力 是否共线或相交 3. 判断相对角速度方 向 4. 使总反力切于摩擦 圆并且力矩与相对角 速度方向相反 ω 21 ω 23 A D

F R12 Example 3. Suppose F is the driving force, find the relationship between F and G (the friction coefficients between all surfaces are f ) F G 2 3 α F R13 F G F R12 90°-φ F R32 α+2φ F R23 90°-α-2φ F R13 90°+φ F R32 F R23 1 F / sin( α+2φ ) =F R32 / sin (90°- φ ) F R23 /sin(90° + φ ) =G / sin(90° -α-2φ ) 所以: F / sin( α+2φ ) =G / sin( 90°-α-2φ ) 整理: F=G ctg( α+2φ ) 解题方法: 1. 画出各移动副的总反力 2. 分别取 2 和 3 为脱离体作力多边形 3. 用正弦定理列式求解 v 23 v 21 v 31

P , 4-13 P ( a) 构思一个执行机构做移动,自由度为 1 的 II 级机构 构思一个双自由度机构,并标明原动件 说出至少 5 个转动副在日常生活中的应用 举出几种摩擦在现实生活中的应用例子