Chapter 5, Section 1The Renaissance * The Italian Renaissance, which spread to the rest of Europe, occurred between 1350 and * The Renaissance brought about a rebirth of interest in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. * A secular, or worldly, viewpoint developed in the wealthy, urban societies of Renaissance Italy. * A new view of human beings that emphasized individual ability and worth emerged in the Renaissance. * Leonardo da Vinci was an excellent example of Renaissance Italy’s social ideal because he achieved greatness in many areas of life. * The Italian city-states of Milan, Venice, & Florence played crucial roles as their wealthy and powerful merchant classes contributed to the birth of the Renaissance in Italy by becoming patrons of the arts through their financial support of artistic development. * Machiavelli’s The Prince is one of the most influential works on political power in the western world. * The Renaissance saw some changes in the medieval division of society into three estates, or social classes. * Castiglione described the characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble in The Book of the Courtier.

Chapter 5, Section 2The Intellectual & Artistic Renaissance * The most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance was humanism. Petrarch is considered the father of Italian Renaissance humanism. * Humanists studied and championed education in the subjects that are now known as the humanities – for example, poetry, philosophy, and history. * Some writers during this time wrote in the vernacular, or language of their regions, such as Italian, English, or French. Dante’s masterpiece the Divine Comedy is an early example of vernacular literature. * The Renaissance produced many great artists and sculptors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo, all of whom dominated the period known as the High Renaissance. * Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature in their works. * The realism of perspective became a signature of Renaissance painting. * The artists of the Italian Renaissance focused on humans and their experiences. * At first, northern Renaissance painters achieved realism through observing reality but eventually began incorporating the laws of perspective. * Flemish painter Jan van Eyck was among the first to use oil paint. Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, 1505

The Last Supper

School of Athens

The Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo John the Baptist

Adoration of the Lamb

Adoration of the Magi

Gutenberg’s Printing Press c. 1450

Chapter 5, Section 3The Protestant Reformation * Italian humanism spread to northern Europe creating a movement called Christian humanism. * Christian humanists believed people could improve themselves by studying the works of Christianity and becoming more pious. * Christian humanists wanted to reform the Catholic Church. * Desiderius Erasmus (author of The Praise of Folly, 1509) was the best known Christian humanist. * Corruption within the Catholic Church led many people to call for reform. * Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press revolutionized the process of printing and led to the mass production of written material on a variety of subjects. * Martin Luther was a monk and professor in Germany who lectured on the Bible. He came to believe human deeds were powerless to affect God and that salvation could be achieved through faith alone. * In 1517, Luther published his Ninety-five Theses, attacking the abuses in the sale of indulgences and thus beginning the Protestant Reformation. * Luther’s ideas and teachings eventually led many German rulers to take control of Catholic churches in their territories and follow the doctrine of Lutheranism, the first Protestant faith. * Emperor Charles V issued the Edict of Worms (declaring Luther an outlaw), and resisted the spread of Lutheranism within the Holy Roman Empire which led to nearly three decades of religious conflict.

* In 1555, through the Peace of Augsburg, Charles made peace with the Lutheran princes and formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany.

Chapter 5, Section 4The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response * With the Peace of Augsburg, the ideal of Christian unity was lost forever. * Ulrich Zwingli started a new Christian group in Zurich, Switzerland. * After Zwingli was killed in the religious conflict, John Calvin assumed leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland. * Calvin put forth the idea of predestination because he placed a new emphasis on the all-powerful nature of God. * In 1536, Calvin began to reform the city of Geneva, where he created a church government and a body called the Consistory, which enforced moral discipline. * By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism.

* The Reformation in England came about because King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, but the pope refused to annul his marriage. * The Act of Supremacy of 1534 ruled that the king was the supreme head of the Church of England, and Henry took over leadership of the church. * After Henry’s death, his only son Edward VI succeeded him. After Edward came Henry’s two daughters, Mary (Bloody Mary) and Elizabeth. * Although many Protestant groups developed a new view of the family, they did not change women’s subordinate role in society. * During the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church underwent reformation and revitalization due to three primary reasons: the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent. * Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) & used education to spread their message. * Pope Paul III appointed a Reform Commission to determine the problems within the church & papacy. * The Council of Trent reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs. * Another result of the Catholic Reformation was the continued persecution of religious minorities.