2.1 Origin of disparities Inequalities of development: Some parts of the world have experienced unprecedented growth and improvements in living standards in recent years. Question: Can you name any of these countries? Unfortunately much of the world is trapped in an inequality predicament. Despite considerable economic growth, the world is more unequal than 10 years ago. View the sheet in your booklet to understand how unequal the world is. This section of the syllabus focuses on disparities in the following areas: 1.Land ownership (Tenure) 2.Parental education and inequality 3.Employment 4.Residence 5.Ethnicity

South Africa-A case study of disparities between the different ethnic groups

South Africa Read page 272 of Waugh (3rd edition) and use the following questions to take notes on the background to apartheid: 1.Why is South Africa considered a multi-cultural society? List the different races of people in the 1996 census 2. What is segregation and when did it first begin? 3. What impact did segregation have on the South African population. Write a detailed paragraph including where it took pace and the distribution of resources. 4.When did apartheid end and what was the reconstruction and development programme?

1.Land ownership (Tenure)- The case of Black agriculture in South Africa The decline of black subsistence agriculture has traditionally been put down to the shortage of land relative to the growing population and therefore increasing poverty of that population leading to the following problems: Overcrowding Overgrazing Use of the poor marginal land Soil erosion and denundation Declining yields Task: Define all of the key words above ensuring that you understand all of the meanings

Why has this happened? The loss of their traditional lands has lead to the decline of the black rural economy. Increased poverty has prevented the black farmers from buying the necessary inputs to improve yields As the reserves were unable to support the black farmers, many became migrant workers and entered the cash economy However, many migrant workers failed to send money back home resulting in the continual decline of the farmland

Parental Education and Inequality The link between investment in education and poverty is one of the most important dimensions of policies towards poverty.Education may affect poverty in two ways: 1.It may raise the incomes of those with education 2.Can increase income levels by promoting growth in the economy Those with higher qualifications also tend to have fewer children Question: Read the section on Apartheid ( Waugh page 373) and describe the inequalities in education between the different races.

Employment The UN report on the world’s social situation in 2005 focused on the gulf between formal and informal economies, the widening gap between skilled and unskilled workers and the growing disparities in health, education and opportunities for social, economic and political participation. Inequalities between and within countries have accompanied globalisation (both pos and neg effects) Youth unemployment rates are particularly high (2 to 3 time more likely to be unemployed than adults, currently 47% of the 186 million unemployed (global figure at time of writing) Nearly a quarter of the world’s workers do not earn enough to lift their family above the poverty threshold ($1 a day). A large % of the working poor are informal non-agricultural workers In many countries wages between skilled and unskilled workers have widened since the mid 1980’s, with sharp rises in the highest incomes. Even in rich countries the income gap is particularly high. Note taking: Using page 373, take notes on the differences in employment between blacks and whites

Residence (Housing) The type of residence a person lives in can affect Life Expectancy and mortality rates. In LEDCs, a high percentage of the population live in Shanty towns which often lack proper sanitation such as clean water supply and sewage facilities. Overcrowedness also leads to a faster spread of disease. However, within the same city, the more affluent population can live in larger properties with adequate facilities and a safer environment.

Tasks: Read the section on housing on page 373 and answer the following questions: 1.How did apartheid affect the location of residences between the different races 2.Describe the location and conditions of the black residences in the reserves 3.Some blacks were allowed to live close to the city in Shanty towns. However, this meant that the black population employed by whites in the city had a long way to travel to work. Many of the original have now been bulldozed. Describe the conditions of the new houses. 4.What impact did the ANC have when it came to power in 1993? 5.Now what the video-’Poor whites / rich blacks and update the situation amongst some of the population.