The Story of Our DNA. Chapter 11, Section 1 Notes.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
DNA and Replication.
Advertisements

DNA and Heredity. DNA and Heredity DNA is found in the cell’s __nucleus_______. DNA is found in the cell’s __nucleus_______. In the nucleus, we find the.
DNA Structure. Frederick Griffith In 1928, Frederick Griffith wanted to learn how certain types of bacteria produce pneumonia Griffith injected mice with.
Chapter 12- DNA BIG IDEA: What is the structure of DNA, and how does it function in genetic inheritance?
Discovering DNA: Structure and Replication
8.1, 8.2, 8.3 Chapter 8 DNA.
12–1 DNA Photo credit: Jacob Halaska/Index Stock Imagery, Inc.
DNA Chapter 12. DNA  Holds our ______________ ______________  Like a ______________  Important for ______________ to occur  Biologists had to discover.
Chapter 13 DNA, RNA and Proteins
Chapter 12: DNA & RNA Essential Questions: EQ: Why do you need DNA & RNA? EQ: How does the cell make protein? EQ: How do chromosomes carry traits? Georgia.
Transcription and Translation
DNA Replication Chapter 12.3.
DNA Chapter 12. GENETIC MATERIAL In the middle of the 1900’s scientists were asking questions about genes. What is a gene made of? How do genes work?
DNA Structure & Replication. Ch Griffith’s Transformation Experiment 1928 – Frederick Griffith is studying how certain strains of bacteria cause.
DNA Chapter 12. DNA  Holds our genetic information  Like a library  Important for mitosis to occur  Biologists had to discover the chemical nature.
DNA.
DNA: The Genetic Material
 Genes carry information from one generation to the next  Genes determine the heritable characteristics of organisms  Genes can be replicated or copied.
DNA Structure and Replication
DNA and Replication 12-1 and I can… - Explain the structure of DNA -Identify each subunit that makes up DNA.
Chapter 12 DNA. Section 12.1 Identifying the Subsrance of Gene Summarize the process of bacterial transformation. Describe the role of bacterio- phages.
DNA Replication. Chromosome E. coli bacterium Bases on the chromosome DNA is very long!... but it is highly folded packed tightly to fit into the cell!
DNA. DNA History Hershey-Chase – Concluded that the genetic material in bacteria was DNA not proteins Watson & Crick – created the double helix model.
DNA Structure and Replication 8.2 and 8.3
DNA History, Structure, & Function
DNA –The Language Of Life
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. History of DNA Early scientists thought protein was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins.
DNA & Replication Notes
DNA and Replication 1. History of DNA 2  Early scientists thought protein was the cell’s hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA 
Chapter 11: DNA. In the beginning… Is the genetic material in cells protein or DNA? In order to be the genetic material, it must be… 1.Able to store information.
Chromosomes and DNA Replication hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication_ _quiz_1_.html.
What Does It Look Like? What Does it Do?
AP Biology S-Phase: Deoxyribonucleic Acid The Molecular Basis of Inheritance DNA Structure DNA Replication.
DNADNA. Structure and replication of DNA - syllabus content Structure of DNA — nucleotides contain deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and base. DNA has a sugar–phosphate.
THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE Chapter 16. Frederick Griffith (1928)
DNA. DNA History Griffith – Experimented on mice and observed some harmless strains of bacteria could change into harmful strains. He called this transformation.
Warm Up! 1. What kind of biomolecule is DNA? 2. What function does it have? 3. What are the building blocks?
Chapter 12 DNA Information and Heredity, The Cellular Basis of Life.
DNA Notes. GENOME The nucleus of a human cell contains to genes in the form of DNA called the GENOME.
 Double helix  Nucleotide  Semiconservative replication  DNA polymerase  Chromatin.
INTERACTIVE NOTES PGS CHROMOSOMES & DNA REPLICATION.
Chapter 16 The Molecular Basis of Heredity. DNA = Genetic Material Chromosomes were determined to carry genes, but was is genetic material DNA or Proteins?
DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Chemical nature of DNA –Chromosomes are composed of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid –Gene – functional segment of DNA located.
GENETIC MATERIAL In the middle of the 1900’s scientists were asking questions about genes. What is a gene made of? How do genes work? How do genes determine.
The History of DNA. 1.Griffith- experiment showed that live uncoated bacteria acquired the ability to make coats from dead coated bacteria. He called.
DNA Chapter 12 DNA. Mendel’s work and experiments created more questions and sparked scientists to start researching heredity with a more molecular approach.
DNA: a history DNA model Double helix nebula. Griffith experiment: 1928 A heat-killed lethal strain of bacteria was added to a non-lethal strain. The.
DNADNA: The Blueprint of Life History Structure & Replication.
DNA History, Structure, and Replication. DNA History Important People: 1928 Frederick Griffith 1928 Frederick Griffith 1944 Oswald Avery 1944 Oswald Avery.
Chapter Identifying the Substance of Genes 12.2 The Structure of DNA 12.3 DNA Replication More DNA
CHAPTER 12 DNA Identifying the Substance of Genes Griffith was trying to find a vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Worked with two types or strains.
DNA Basics Chp 14 Review of what you learned in biology DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.
Chapter 12: DNA Lab Biology CP. Chapter 12: DNA 12.1 Identifying the Substance of Genes 12.2 The Structure of DNA 12.3 DNA Replication.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
The molecule that carries the genetic information in all living things
DNA and RNA.
DNA and Replication.
DNA and Replication.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA and Replication.
The Structure of DNA What is DNA?.
DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
DNA and Replication.
DNA Structure & Function
DNA Replication Chapter 12 Section 2
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Presentation transcript:

The Story of Our DNA. Chapter 11, Section 1 Notes

Important Discoveries: DNA’s Function Frederick Griffith (1928) – Transformation -Turned non-lethal bacteria into lethal -Hypothesized that a gene was responsible (He did NOT know what biomolecule genes were made of)

Avery (1944) DNA is the molecule responsible for heredity a. Treated an extract from the heat-killed bacteria with enzymes to destroy everything except the nucleic acid. Resulted in an identical outcome to Griffith’s experiment

Hershey-Chase (1952) - Studied bacteriophages -Determined that the DNA not the protein coat was the source of genetic information

Now that scientists agree that DNA carries the information… How is DNA organized?

Chargraff (1950) Determined that nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA) occur in specific ratios - Guanine = cytosine - Adenine = thymine Did not know why this was true, only that every organism followed this rule

Franklin (1950’s) - Used x-ray diffraction - Three important pieces of information 1) Each strand is coiled (helix) 2) Two strands of in the structure 3) The nitrogen bases are near the center

Watson and Crick (1953) - Used Franklin’s experiment to determine the 3D structure of DNA -The double helix explained both how DNA could carry information and how that information could be copied - Their model explained why A=T and C=G

What we know now about the structure of DNA Double helix Made of a phosphate backbone “Rungs” are the nucleotide bases Bases attach in certain patterns –C  G –A  T One side is called the 3’ side the other is called 5’ On the ends of the chromosomes in eukaryotes are structures called telomeres that are repeating bases that protect the DNA

DNA Replication The process of duplicating DNA

Commonalities in all organisms One side of the double helix gives the instructions for the other DNA replication occurs in both directions The site where DNA separation and duplication occurs is called a fork

Prokaryotes More simple –DNA is not in nucleus –Plasmid – single, circular DNA molecule –Much less DNA than a eukaryote DNA replication begins at a single point

Eukaryotes DNA is more complex –DNA is in a membrane-bound nucleus –DNA is wrapped tightly around proteins to form chromosomes –More DNA than prokaryotes DNA replication occurs at hundreds of points

How Replication Occurs Step 1: DNA is opened –DNA Helicase – reduces the strain caused by the unwinding of the DNA

Step 2: New DNA is formed DNA Polymerase – Helps the daughter strand form by matching base pairs –Also proofreads the DNA and corrects mistakes Complimentary base pairs are attached to each side of the now single-sided DNA –Each strand acts as a template –New strands of DNA are ½ new and ½ original –DNA has a “north” and “south” – they are called 5’ and 3’ –Base pairs are copied following the 3’ to the 5’ direction of the parent strand

Leading strand – the side of the DNA that is replicated faster – follows the 3’  5’ of the parent strand Lagging strand – It is replicated more slowly Okazaki fragment – the pieces that are formed in the lagging strand, because replication can only occur in the 3’ to 5’ direction as the DNA is unwound.

Step 3: The pieces of DNA are connected DNA ligase attaches the Okazaki fragments together