Introduction to DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). What do you know?

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Nucleic Acids The Genetic Material. Two types of Nucleic acids RNA RNA DNA DNA.
Advertisements

DNA Structure & Replication Chapter 15 continued Bedford County Public Schools – Jami N. Key.
Mrs. Stewart Biology I Honors. STANDARDS: CLE Investigate how genetic information is encoded in nucleic acids. CLE Describe the relationships.
DNA Structure. By the early 1900’s it was known that the chromosomes carry the genetic (hereditary) information Chromosomes consist of DNA (deoxyribonucleic.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. DNA RNA Protein Scientists call this the: Central Dogma of Biology!
DNA: The Molecule of Heredity. DNA Structure Deoxyribonucleic acid. A macromolecule composed of two strands of monomers called nucleotides. These strands.
Topic 3.4 DNA Replication.
DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
DNA: Structure and Function. DNA Structure Deoxyribonucleic acid. A macromolecule composed of two strands of monomers called nucleotides. These strands.
DNA Structure and Replication Honors Biology 2013.
DNA: The Genetic Material Chapter DNA Structure DNA is a nucleic acid. The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides, each composed of: –a 5-carbon.
The Components and Structure of DNA DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
Warm Up Where is DNA located within a cell? Why is DNA important?
DNA Structure and Replication 8.2 and 8.3
 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a two stranded molecule called double helix  Each strand are made of smaller parts called nucleotides  The two strands.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid D – Deoxyribo N – Nucleic A – Acid.
DNA Structure.
DNA: The Genetic Material. Identifying the Genetic Material Experiments of Griffith and Avery yielded results that suggested DNA was genetic material.
Chap. 10 : Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis I. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid - function – store and use information to direct activities of the cell and.
Chapter 11: DNA. In the beginning… Is the genetic material in cells protein or DNA? In order to be the genetic material, it must be… 1.Able to store information.
Photo 51 Rosalind Franklin Maurice Wilkins James D. Watson Francis Crick
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Q2 WK6 D1 11/18/13. Scientists of DNA 1953, James Watson & Francis Crick were accredited for discovering the structure of DNA.
Characteristic of Life!!
Question for Today: DNA is a polymer, which means that it is made up of many repeating single units called monomers. These monomers are called what? Nucleotides.
 DNA stands for DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID  DNA holds genetic information in cells  DNA is a nucleic acid polymer. › The monomer of a nucleic acid is a.
Warm Up! 1. What kind of biomolecule is DNA? 2. What function does it have? 3. What are the building blocks?
DNA Structure, Function & Replication. DNA stands for… DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.
DNA Structure, Function & Replication. DNA stands for… DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.
1928 Frederick Griffith 1944 Oswald Avery - repeated Griffith’s experiment Proves DNA stores and transmits information.
DNA: The Genetic Material. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
DNA: The Genetic Material The Structure of DNA DNA Replication.
reproducesgenetic continuity  When a species reproduces, there is genetic continuity that is maintained from one generation to the next.  WHAT  WHAT.
DNA: The Molecule of Heredity Chemical nature of DNA –Chromosomes are composed of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid –Gene – functional segment of DNA located.
DNA History, Structure and Function. What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic Acid long chain moleculeIt is a long chain molecule that carries the code for the characteristics.
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid. Importance of DNA DNA is the nucleic acid molecule that governs the processes of heredity of all plants and animal cells.
 DNA contains the instructions (codes) for making all the proteins in the body.
Unit 4: DNA & Protein Synthesis Ch 9: Chemistry of the Gene DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Molecular Biology. The study of DNA and how it serves as a chemical basis of heredity.
DNA: Genetic Material. Review:  All living things must have genetic material Species must be able to pass on that genetic material to future generations.
Hereditary Molecules – DNA structure and Replication.
DNA DNA Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid DNA is a heredity molecule –passed on from parent/s –generation to generation Stores and transmits genetic information.
Lesson Overview 12.2 The Structure of DNA.
DNA Structure and Replication Review!
DNA and Replication.
DNA The Secret Code.
Genetics.
Mrs. Stewart Biology I Honors
DNA Structure.
DNA.
DNA and Replication.
Genetics.
DNA Structure Essential Standard
DNA The Secret Code.
DNA Biology By PresenterMedia.com.
DNA Replication SC.912.L Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic information.
12.1 DNA.
DNA Structure and Function
DNA and Replication.
Objectives: To understand how DNA was discovered
DNA DNA is a type of organic macromolecule called Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is made up of repeating monomers called Nucleotides DNA has a distinct shape.
Chapter 12 Section 12-1 Pages
DNA Structure.
DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
DNA.
Replication Makin’ copies
DNA.
The Structure and Function of DNA
Presentation transcript:

Introduction to DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

What do you know?

Scientists

Phoebus Levene 1920 – Determined the basic structure of nucleotides that make up DNA 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Erwin Chargaff Nitrogenous base composition % of adenine is equal to % of thymine % of guanine is equal to % cytosine Composition of DNA varies from species to species

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin Worked with a technique called X-ray diffraction Determined the helical nature of DNA

James Watson and Francis CrickWatson 1953 – Determined the structure of DNA using Chargaff’s and Franklin’s data A

What is DNA?

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Nucleic acid Consists of monomers called nucleotides Stores genetic information, determines an organisms traits by synthesizing proteins Each organisms genome is unique

Structure of DNA

Double helix Consists of a double strand of nucleotides Two strands are anti-parallel – 5’ to 3’ – 3’ to 5’

Nucleotide Three parts of a nucleotide – 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose – Phosphate group – A single nitrogenous base

Four Nitrogenous Bases Purines (double ring) – Adenine (A) – Guanine (G) Pyrimidines (single ring) – Thymine (T) – Cytosine (C)

Chargaff’s Rules A-T (2 hydrogen bonds) C-G (3 hydrogen bonds)

Sides of molecule - Alternating sugars and phosphates held together by strong covalent bonds Center – two nitrogenous bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds

DNA Structure Click on the hyperlink above to watch a short animation about the structure of DNA A

Genes The sequence of nucleotides in an organisms genome is unique Genes consist of sequences of nucleotides

Human Genome million nucleotides Average gene length is 3000 base pairs Largest gene is 2.4 million base pairs Approximately 20,000 – 25,000 genes

DNA Replication

Why is DNA replication important?

Why replicate? Each new cell created through cell division must receive an exact copy of the original cells DNA Occurs in the nucleus of cells

DNA Replication Semi-conservative – new DNA molecules have one original template strand and one new strand Semi-conservative Follows complementary base pair rules “Leading strand” – continuously synthesized “Lagging strand” – synthesized in fragments A

Origins of Replication

Steps of DNA Replication 1. DNA helicase unzips the original DNA molecules by severing hydrogen bonds between nucleotides A

2. New nucleotides are added to the template strands using DNA polymerase enzymes (complementary base pairing)

3. Okazaki fragments are pieced together by DNA ligase

DNA Replication C C T A A C G G T A C G A A T A