Water is 11% hydrogen by mass (67% count of atoms) Most of the MASS is Oxygen, but most atoms in human body are Hydrogen THINK IN TERMS OF MASS COMPOSITION

Include sugars and starches

Classified according to size: Monosaccharides—simple sugars (contain 3-7 carbon atoms) Disaccharides—two simple sugars Polysaccharides—long-branching chains of linked simple sugars

Simple sugars Single chain/single rings structure Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

Double sugars

Glucose and Fructose are joined involving the removal of water molecule Dehydration Synthesis THIS IS HOW CARBOHYDRATES ARE BUILT UP FROM THEIR BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS!

Sucrose is broken down to simple sugar units when the reaction is reversed – water molecule added Hydrolysis

Insoluble in water

Neutral fats (triglycerides) Found in fat deposits Source of stored energy

Phospholipids Form cell membranes

Steroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

Cholesterol - STEROID Precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, and bile salts MOST COMMON

Account for over half of the body’s organic matter

Fibrous proteins Also known as structural proteins STABLE Examples: collagen and keratin

Globular proteins Also known as functional proteins Function as antibodies or enzymes Can be denatured

Functional Proteins Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions

WITHOUT BECOMING PART OF THE PRODUCT OR BEING CHANGED ITSELF! So what does this mean?

VERY specific function Enzymes can be recognized by the suffix –ase

Nucleotide bases A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine U = Uracil (RNA) Make DNA and RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Complimentary bases form double helix Replicates before cell division Provides instructions for every protein in the body

Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis to the ribosome Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis