Respiratory system SYLLABUS: RBP(Robbins Basic Pathology) Chapters: The Lung and the Upper Respiratory Tract

Respiratory system 130Lung emphysema 225Bronchiectases and bronchitis 101Bronchopneumonia 163NSCLC- cytology 332Squamous cell lung carcinoma 121Aspergilloma

Lung emphysema Destruction of alveolar septa, resulting in permanent enlargement of spaces: -abnormally large alveoli separated by thin septa with only focal centriacinar fibrosis - loss of attachments of the alveoli to the outer wall of small airways

Lung emphysema

Bronchiectases and bronchitis Bronchiectases: - irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree - involved bronchi are dilated, inflamed, and easily collapsible, resulting in airflow obstruction and impaired clearance of secretions Bronchitis: - hyperemia, swelling, and edema of the mucous membranes, frequently accompanied by excessive mucinous to mucopurulent secretions layering the epithelial surfaces.

Bronchiectases and bronchitis

Bronchopneumonia Consolidated areas of acute suppurative inflammation: -a suppurative, neutrophil-rich exudate that fills the bronchi, bronchioles, and adjacent alveolar spaces

Bronchopneumonia

NSCLC- cytology Sputum cytology with the features of malignant epithelial cells What are the cytological features indicating: - malignancy - epithelial origin - keratinization? What are the staining methods/ antibodies useful for solving that diagnostic problem?

NSCLC- cytology

Squamous cell lung carcinoma -presence of keratinization and/or intercellular bridges - keratinization may take the form of squamous pearls or individual cells with markedly eosinophilic dense cytoplasm - mitotic activity is higher in poorly differentiated tumors - squamous metaplasia, epithelial dysplasia, and foci of carcinoma in situ may be seen in bronchial epithelium adjacent to the tumor mass

Squamous cell lung carcinoma

Aspergilloma (Colonizing aspergillosis) - growth of the fungus in pulmonary cavities with minimal or no invasion of the tissues -the cavities usually result from preexisting tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, old infarcts, or abscesses - proliferating masses of fungal hyphae called fungus balls form brownish masses lying free within the cavities - the surrounding inflammatory reaction sparse, or chronic inflammation and fibrosis

Aspergilloma