Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic factor: living, or once living, factor in an ecosystem

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Abiotic factor: physical, or non living, factor in an ecosystem – Abiotic factors were NEVER living

Characteristics of Living Things

Universal genetic code (DNA) Made up of cells How do we know something is alive?

Reproduction Growth and development How do we know something is alive?

Response to environment Energy How do we know something is alive?

Maintain stable internal environment (homeostasis) Adaptation and Evolution How do we know something is alive?

Is it ALIVE?! Chalk Fire Earthworm Apple seed Pine tree Mildew Sand Potato Rose bush Ocean Corn Mouse Dirt Virus Mushroom Frog Snake Milk Blood Chair As a pair, tell me whether each object above is alive or not alive. Explain your reasoning for each using what you just learned about living vs. non-living things.

Organisms in their Environment Individual Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

Classification of Living Things

Classification Grouping organisms based on external characteristics can cause problems Phylogeny: evolutionary relationships – Scientists now group based on evolutionary descent, not just physical characteristics – This is called evolutionary classification

Cladograms Shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms Derived characters: characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in older members

How are organisms classified? Similarities in: – Habitat – Adaptations – DNA sequences and number of genes – Evolutionary relationships Homologous structures Similarities in embryology

Hierarchy of Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Kingdoms Five Kingdoms Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Six Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Animals Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell walls

Animal Phyla Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Annelids (Annelida) Nematoda Echinoderm (Echinodermata) Arthropods (arthropoda) Mollusks (molussca) Chordates (chordata)

Characteristics of Vertebrates Bilateral symmetry Two pairs of appendages Outer covering of protective skin Well-developed body cavity (coelom) completely lined with epithelium (cellular tissue), that may be divided into 2 to 4 compartments. Internal skeleton of cartilage and bone Brain enclosed by skull Well-developed sense organs (eyes, ears, nostrils) located on the head (cephalization) Respiratory system: gills or lungs Closed circulatory system with ventral heart and median dorsal artery. Genital and excretory systems closely related, utilizing common ducts and pathways Digestive tracts with two major digestive glands (liver and pancreas)

Types of Vertebrates Myxini - hagfishes Cephalaspidomorpha - lampreys Chondrichthyes - cartilagenous fishes Osteichthyes - bony fishes Amphibia - frogs, toads, salamanders Reptilia - turtles, snakes, lizards Aves - birds Mammalia - mammals