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Fundamentals of Public Administration MPA – 406 Lecture - 30 FACILITATOR Prof. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood ,

Reflections

BUDGET Why Organizations Need Budget  A household is a small economy, which uses inputs and gives output in the form of services that it provides.  Likewise organizations use inputs and process inputs to give outputs.  Organizations need to control the use of resources to ensure that these are utilized for the purpose of achieving the goals of organization.  Budgets also indicate what the organizations plan to do in future. 4

BUDGET Budget  For any organization financial resources are an important input to the running of organization.  Organization generates resources to make expenditures to produce goods & services.  Private organization price their product or services on the basis of value of the product or service and cost in producing product and in this way generate income.  But organizations also create assets to produce output which are source of income. 5

BUDGET Definition of Budget  Budget is an instrument of financial control and management.  It is summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet this expenditure.  It is also detailed plan of income and expenses expected over a period of time.  It provides guidelines for managing future investment and expenses. 6

BUDGET Components of Public Income  Just as households have income, governments also have source of income.  The source of income for the government is taxes.  Taxes are of various types.  Besides taxes government have non tax receipts. 7

BUDGET Components of Public Income Following are the component of government income:  Tax Receipt: can be divided into direct and indirect taxes.  Direct tax is levied on income.  Indirect tax is not directly on income but is paid through a product or service being consumed by user.  You might have purchased a bottle of Coca Cola or some other drink on which the price is written plus sales tax. The sales tax is indirect tax. 8

BUDGET Use of Taxes  During the Moghul period and later British period government pursued the policy of laissez-faire (leave alone) which meant that government chooses not to interfere with the economy or society.  The taxes that were collected were for the purpose of defence or law and order and the welfare concept was non existent 9

BUDGET Principle purpose of taxation The governments of today have many sources of income but taxes remain an important source of income. Today government’s expenditures have also increased manifold. The main expenditure purpose is: 1.Redistribution of income (from rich to poor) or help finance welfare activities and 2. To achieve economic objectives such as control of inflation, economic growth, employment and reduction of balance of payment deficit. 10

BUDGET Principles of good Taxation Since the foundation of modern economy was laid, there has been many changing ideas and philosophy on the role of government. Along side the idea and principle of good taxation has also evolved. Adam Smith the economist who wrote Wealth of Nation in 1776 said that a good tax has following four principles: 1. A good tax should be equal: an individual should be called upon to pay tax according to his/her ability to pay tax. This is called progressive taxation, where the rich pay the higher percentage of taxation then poor; 2. A good tax should be certain: people are certain about how the tax works and how much has to be paid as well as when to pay; 11

BUDGET Principles of good Taxation 3. A good tax should be convenient: People should be able to pay without any inconvenience. 4. A good tax should be economical: the cost of collecting and administering should not exceed revenues. 12

BUDGET Principles of good Taxation There are several other principles of modern taxation. These are: a. Tax should be impartial, two citizen who earn equal income and have same size of family should be taxed the same; b. It should not be disincentive to hard work and therefore should not penalize for hard work i.e. that those who work hard and earn income should not be heavily taxed. c. The tax should be consistent with government policy. If for example the government is trying to reduce inflation, it should not pursue the policy of taxation which increases demand too much in the economy 13

BUDGET Types of Taxation Taxes tend to fall in two categories: direct and indirect taxation. Direct taxation is a tax levied directly on individual’s income. Whereas indirect taxation is levied on consumers’ expenditure or outlay. Following are the types of taxation: 1. Direct Taxes Income Tax Wealth Tax Workers Welfare Tax Capital tax 14

BUDGET 2. Indirect Taxes Custom Duty Sales tax Excise Duty 3. Non- tax Revenue Income from Property and Enterprise Profit from Railways Profit from PTCL Profit from Post office Miscellaneous: Foreign travel, passport fee, airport tax, sale proceed on oil and tax etc. The government of Pakistan levies all the above type of taxes. 15

BUDGET Advantages of Direct Taxes  Direct taxes tend to be progressive.  People in the higher income groups pay greater taxes than poor  people, i.e. income tax is graduated so that high income earner pays a larger tax.  Also projected wealth tax would apply to those owing more than a certain level of wealth.  It is cheap and easy to collect. Consider for example PAYE system which is used to collect income tax from wages and salary earner 16

BUDGET Impact of Taxation Taxes have variety of impact, as follows: On savings and investment: Higher direct taxes reduce individuals’ and firms’ ability to save and invest. To a certain extent it depends on how much of the increase in taxes is financed from savings and how much from consumption. 17

BUDGET Impact of Taxation: On prices: Higher direct taxes have deflationary effect on prices by reducing demand. However trade unions may ask for higher wages to compensate for higher taxes and effect of this will be inflationary. 18

BUDGET Impact of Taxation: On economy: Higher taxation will, other things being equal, reduce demand in the economy which will have deflationary effect on the economy. 19

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL Administrative Accountability  According to Leonard D. White, accountability is ‘the sum total of constitutional, statutory, administrative and judicial rules and precedents and the established practices by means of which public  officials may be held accountable for their official actions’.  It refers to the formal and specific location of responsibility vested in a person.  While responsibility has a personal and moral connotations and is not necessarily related to formal status and power.  Accountability is also defined as the answerability of a person in organization. 20

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL The Meaning of Control  Accountability is a kind of management Control.  Control is the process of ensuring that actual activities conform to established standards and laid done procedures.  Control helps managers to monitor the effectiveness of managers 21

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL Types of Accountability There are two types of accountability mechanism that make organizations to continue to achieve goals. These are discussed below: 1.Internal Control: is exercised either by superior over the subordinates within the chain of hierarchy or by other parallel agencies in the executive branch of government. It consists of directing, regulating, supervising, advising, inspecting and evaluating. It should be continuously done; without being felt. This mechanism of accountability has positive results also. 22

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL Types of Accountability 2. External control, is fitted outside the administrative machinery and works within the general constitutional framework of the system. It is exercised by the external bodies such as legislature and judiciary. 23

Conclusion 24

Thank you for your kind attention! Thank you for your kind attention! FACILITATOR Prof. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood 25