MODULE 1 Water Framework Directive, Relation of WFD with Daughter Directives, River Basin Management Planning, Water Bodies, Typology, Classification Drinking Water Directive R. Michael Jackman Antalya December, 2014

History Directive 98/83/EC has repealed Directive 80/778/  Must regularly monitor the quality of water intended for human consumption by using the methods of analysis specified in the directive, or equivalent methods.  The new directive saw the number of parameters reduced whilst allowing member to add parameters such as magnesium, total hardness, phenols, zinc, phosphate, calcium and chlorite.  Must publish drinking water quality reports every three years, and the EU is to publish a summary report.  Within five years Member States had to comply with the Directive.  Exemptions could be granted on a temporary basis, provided that they do not affect human health

Transposition into national law Member States must bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive within two years of its entry into force.

The European Drinking Water Directive (DWD), Council Directive 98/83/EC OBJECTIVES & SCOPE  The European Drinking Water Directive (DWD), Council Directive 98/83/EC concerns the quality of water intended for human consumption and forms part of the regulation of Water Supply and Sanitation in the EU.  To protect human health by specifying purity and potability requirements for drinking water.  Applies to all waters intended for human consumption but not natural mineral waters  Take any required actions to guarantee the potability and purity of water

Parameters  Drinking water must not contain any concentration of micro-organisms, parasites or any other substance which constitutes a potential human health risk;  Must not exceed the DW Directive limits (MAC) for microbiological, chemical & radioactivity parameters.  Must set values for other additional parameters not included in Annex I where that is necessary to protect human health within their territories;

Parameter Limits Policy  The directive applies the precautionary principle for the limits.  e.g. the EU limits for pesticides are up to 20 times lower than those in the WHO drinking water guidelines, because the EU directive not only aims at protecting human health but also the environment. This is the link to IRBM & WFD  The WHO guidelines are set relatively low so there is no potential risk even if the contaminant was absorbed continuously over a person's lifetime.  If EU drinking water standards are temporarily exceeded by a small margin, the effects should be interpreted with regard to this context.

Derogations Derogations from this Directive but must not pose a potential danger to human health and Provided that the supply of water intended for human consumption in the area concerned cannot otherwise be maintained by any other reasonable means

Actions  Take any required actions to guarantee the potability and purity of water  Protection measures should be applied to ensure that surface and groundwater is kept clean; - Link to WFD  The same can also be achieved by appropriate water-treatment measures to be applied before supply;

Monitoring Points (a) within premises or an establishment, at which it emerges from the taps that are normally used for human consumption; (b) water supplied from a tanker, at the point at which it emerges from the tanker; (c) in the case of water put into bottles or containers intended for sale, at the point at which the water is put into the bottles or containers; (d) in the case of water used in a food-production undertaking, at the point where the water is used in the undertaking. Domestic distribution system nor its maintenance is not included Any increase in the pollution of waters used for the production of drinking Water Link to WFD

Types of Monitoring Check monitoring is regularly to provide information on the organoleptic and microbiological quality of the drinking water supplied & information on the effectiveness of drinking-water treatment

Types of Monitoring- Audit monitoring Audit monitoring is to provide the information to determine whether the Directive’s parametric values are being complied with. Does not apply to the parameters for radioactivity,

Frequency of sampling Monitoring supplied water

Frequency of sampling Monitoring Bottled water

Specific Organic Pollutants The parametric value of 0.10 μg/l applies to each individual pesticide. For OCPs : aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor & heptachlor epoxide the parametric value is μg/l. The specified compounds for PCBs are: — benzo(b)fluoranthene, — benzo(k)fluoranthene, — benzo(ghi)perylene, — indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. The Total Parametric Value is 0.50 μg/l.

PARAMETERS FOR WHICH METHODS OF ANALYSIS ARE SPECIFIED Coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (ISO ) Enterococci (ISO ) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (prEN ISO 12780) Enumeration of culturable microorganisms — Colony count 22 °C (prEN ISO 6222) Enumeration of culturable microorganisms — Colony count 37 °C (prEN ISO 6222) Clostridium perfringens (including spores) Membrane filtration followed by anaerobic incubation of the membrane on m-CP agar (Note 1) at 44± 1 °C for 21 ± 3 hours. Count opaque yellow colonies that turn pink or red after exposure to ammonium hydroxide vapours for 20 to 30 seconds.

PARAMETERS FOR WHICH PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ARE SPECIFIED

PARAMETERS FOR WHICH PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS ARE SPECIFIED Continued

Protection Measures  Enable water-supply undertakings to meet the quality standards for drinking water,  appropriate water-protection measures should be applied to ensure that surface and groundwater is kept clean;  the same goal can be achieved by appropriate water-treatment measures to be applied before supply; This is achieved by the application of Water Safety Plans

References 1. World Health Organisation:Guidelines for drinking-water quality, third edition, incorporating first and second addenda ( accessed on May 6, 2010) 2. Eionet: Legislative instrument details: New Drinking Water Directive (consolidated) ( 3. "Europe paves the way for revision of the Drinking Water Directive", Water 21, Journal of the International Water Association, August 2006, p The European Commission's Environment DG web site (

Available Freshwater for Drinking Water The ocean holds 97 percent of the Earth's water; the remaining three percent is freshwater found in glaciers and ice, below the ground, or in rivers and lakes. So we need to protect the little we have! Thank you for your attention