SIDIS with SoLID and a polarized 3 He target Haiyan Gao Duke University Durham, NC, U.S.A. ( SoLID Collaboration Meeting October 14-15, 2011

Imaging the Nucleon three-dimensions (example, GPD) gives transverse spatial distribution of quark (parton) with momentum fraction x Fourier transform in momentum transfer x < 0.1x ~ 0.3x ~ 0.8 What about three-dimensional momentum space?

Lepton Scattering A powerful tool tagging the struck quark through leading hadrons (semi-inclusive DIS) to image in 3-momentum space x=1 维纵向动量 8 New TMD PDFs f 1 (x,k T ),.. h 1 (x,k T )‏

All Leading Twist TMDs f 1T  = f1 =f1 = g 1 = g 1T  = h 1L  = h1 =h1 = h 1T = h 1T  = Transversity Boer-Mulder Pretzelosity Sivers Helicity Nucleon Spin Quark Spin

Access Parton Distributions through Semi- Inclusive DIS Unpolarized Polarized Target Polarized Beam and Target S L, S T : Target Polarization; e : Beam Polarization Boer-Mulders Sivers Transversity Pretzelosity

Separation of Collins, Sivers and pretzelocity effects through angular dependence SIDIS SSAs depend on 4-D variables (x, Q 2, z and P T ) Large angular coverage and precision measurement of asymmetries in 4-D phase space is essential.

PAC-37 PR Jin Huang 7 TMDs in SIDIS Cross Section f 1 = Sivers f 1T  = Transversity h 1T = Boer-Mulder h1 =h1 = Pretzelosity h 1T  = S L, S T : Target Polarization; e : Beam Polarization h 1L  = Worm Gear g 1T = Worm Gear g 1 = Helicity

JLab E06 ‑ 010 Experiment Polarized 3 He Target, > 60% with beam, world record Polarized Electron Beam – ~80% Polarization – Fast Flipping at 30Hz – PPM Level Charge Asymmetry controlled by online feed back BigBite at 30º as Electron Arm – P e = 0.7 ~ 2.2 GeV/c HRS L at 16º as Hadron Arm – P h = 2.35 GeV/c 8 Beam Polarimetry (Møller + Compton) Luminosity Monitor Spokespersons: Chen, Cisbani, Gao, Jiang and Peng

Results on Neutron Sizable Collins π + asymmetries at x=0.34? – Sign of violation of Soffer’s inequality? – Data are limited by stat. Needs more precise data! Negative Sivers π + Asymmetry – Consistent with HERMES/COMPASS – Independent – demonstration of negative d quark Sivers function. Model (fitting) uncertainties shown in blue band. Experimental systematic uncertainties: red band X. Qian et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, (2011)

Best Measurements on Neutron at High x UIUC Seminar

Double Spin A LT worm-gear function Dominated by real part of interference between L=0 (S) and L=1 (P) states – Imaginary part -> Sivers effect, Boer-Mulders No GPD correspondence – a genuine sign of intrinsic transverse motion First TMDs in Lattice calculation – arXiv: [hep-lat], arXiv: [hep-lat] Preliminary g 1T = Worm Gear First data with 3 He 30 Hz beam helicity flips Data suggest non-zero SIDIS A LT : π -, +2.8σ (sum all bins) J. Huang et al., submitted to PRL

12 GeV Upgrade Project12 GeV Upgrade Project New Hall Add arc Enhanced capabilities in existing Halls Add 5 cryomodules 20 cryomodules Scope of the project includes: Doubling accelerator beam energy New experimental Hall and beamline Upgrades to existing Experimental Halls Upgrade arc magnets and supplies CHL upgrade 310 million US$ construction project Construction started 2009 Currently 50% complete Beam starts 2013

E : Nucleon Transversity at 11 GeV Using a Polarized 3 He Target and SOLid in Hall A Approved by JLab PAC35 A-rating by PAC38 ( Beijing U., CalState-LA, CIAE, W&M, Duke, FIU, Hampton, Huangshan U., Cagliari U. and INFN, INFN-Bari and U. of Bari, INFN-Frascati, INFN-Pavia, Torino U. and INFN, JLab, JSI (Slovenia), Lanzhou U, LBNL, Longwood U, LANL, MIT, Miss. State, New Mexico, ODU, Penn State at Berks, Rutgers, Seoul Nat. U., St. Mary’s, Syracuse, Tel aviv, Temple, Tsinghua U, UConn, Glasgow, UIUC, Kentucky, Maryland, UMass, New Hampshire, USTC, UVa and the Hall A Collaboration Strong theory support, Over 130 collaborators, 40 institutions, 8 countries, strong overlap with PVDIS Collaboration Spokespersons: Chen, Gao (contact), Jiang, Peng and Qian

180+ collaborators, 50+ institutes, strong theory supports and the Hall A Collaboration Spokespersons Jian-Ping Chen (JLab) Jin Huang (MIT) Yi Qiang (JLab) Wenbiao Yan (USTC, China) Approved by JLab PAC37 A-rating by PAC38

GEMs (study done with CDF magnet, 1.5T) Study done with CDF and BarBar magnets (CDF shown here) Experiment E

Kinematic Coverage Precision 4-D (x, Q 2, p T and z) mapping of Collins, Sivers and pretzelosity. Coverage with 11 GeV beam shown here – Black: forward angle – Green: large angle x B : 0.1 ~ 0.6 P T : 0 ~ 1.5 GeV/c W: 2.3 ~ 4 GeV z: 0.3 ~ 0.7 M m : 1.6~ 3.3 GeV

Large coverage in kinematic space 2 beam energy -> Q 2 coverage; rad. cor. PAC-37 PR Jin Huang 17 Kinematic Coverage x bj Q 2 (GeV 2 )P h ⊥ (GeV/c)z 11GeV Beam 8.8GeV Beam Electron: Forward Det. Large Angle Det.

E projection on Collins (Sivers) Total 1400 bins in x, Pt and z for 11/8.8 GeV beam. z ranges from 0.3 ~ 0.7, only a sub-range of 11/8.8 GeV shown here.

Power of SOLID (E )

Projection of a single Q 2 -z bin for π - PAC-37 PR Jin Huang 20 E Projection/A LT (Partial) Center of points: Scale for error bars: Strong theory supports 4 sets of predictions calculated for this proposal Strong theory supports 4 sets of predictions calculated for this proposal

Projection of a single Q 2 -z bin for π + PAC-37 PR Jin Huang 21 E Projection/A UL (Partial) Center of points: Scale for error bars:

>1000 bins: critical for studying multi-D structure z= 0.3~0.7 Q 2 = 1~8 GeV 2 P h ⊥ (GeV/c) x bj Scale for error bars : π + A UL

Measure SSA in SIDIS using transversely polarized proton target Use similar detector setup as that of two approved 3 He SoLID expts. Use JLab/UVa polarized NH 3 target with upgraded design of the magnet Target spin-flip every two hours with average in- beam polarization of 70% Two Beam energies: 11 GeV and 8.8 GeV Polarized luminosity with 100nA current: cm -2 s -1 Beamline chicane to transport beam through 5T target magnetic field (already designed for g2p expt.) NH3target New Proposal PR : Target Single Spin Asymmetry in SIDIS (e, eπ ± ) Reaction on a Transversely Polarized Proton Target and SoLID Spokespersons: J. P. Chen, Haiyan Gao (Contact), Xiaomei Li (CIAE), Z-E. Meziani (Temple) PAC38: Conditionally approved

Status on funding applications in China National Science foundation of China (NSFC) – Major international collaborations 2-3 M (RMB) over a period of 3-4 years, proposal by Ma and Gao submitted in March 2011, approved in July 2011 for 3M (RMB) – Another proposal awarded by NSFC 3.5 M (RMB) to B.T. Hu et al. – Major program, encouraged by NSFC, Z.G. Zhao from USTC will lead the effort Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) – 973 program: large scale science project over a funding period of 5 years: total ~20M (RMB), proposal submitted March 2011, led by CIAE (did not make 2 nd round this year), will submit March 2012 again

Summary Frontiers in nucleon structure go beyond collinear, 1-D picture – TMDs Three-dimensional description of nucleon in momentum space Direct link with orbital motion (orbital angular momentum) Transverse motion: spin-orbit correlations, multi-parton correlations, dynamics of confinement and QCD JLab 12-GeV upgrade will provide unique opportunities to map out the 3-dimensional structure of the nucleon, and the SoLID will guarantee this success by JLab Thanks to many in the SoLID collaboration Supported in part by U.S. Department of Energy under contract number DE-FG02-03ER41231