New Opportunities with HIE ISOLDE Piet Van Duppen KU Leuven, Belgium Introduction: Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) physics: key questions HIE ISOLDE opportunities Improved intensity and quality, and higher beam energy Extrapolation - major upgrade of ISOLDE HIE ISOLDE and the RIB facilities worldwide

key questions nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, fundamental interactions and atomic physics To answer key questions in nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics, fundamental interactions and atomic physics condensed matter research, life science applications As probes for condensed matter research, life science and applications How are complex nuclei built from their basic constituents?  strong interaction in nuclear medium How to explain collective properties from individual nucleon behavior?  collective versus individual How do regular and simple patterns emerge in the structure of complex nuclei?  symmetries Are there signs of non-standard model weak interactions in nuclear beta decay?  search for physics beyond the standard model How and where are the elements made?  nucleosynthesis How are complex nuclei built from their basic constituents?  strong interaction in nuclear medium How to explain collective properties from individual nucleon behavior?  collective versus individual How do regular and simple patterns emerge in the structure of complex nuclei?  symmetries Are there signs of non-standard model weak interactions in nuclear beta decay?  search for physics beyond the standard model How and where are the elements made?  nucleosynthesis Radioactive Beam Research: Key Questions/Issues

Advances in Radioactive Isotope Science – ARIS 2011 “ARIS 2011 charts the nuclear landscape” B. Jonson, Cern Courier, December, j>j> j<j< j’ > j’ < proton neutron

Wide spectrum of (intense) radioactive ion beams Wide energy range: from rest to >10 MeV/u Pure beams occupying a small phase space: allows for low-intensity RIB experiments Isomeric beams: nuclear spin degree of freedom HIE ISOLDE expectations

Development of a laser ionization scheme for At At 224 nm 216 nm 85At Guinness World Records has dubbed this element the rarest on Earth, stating: "Only around 25 g of the element astatine occurring naturally". Test of atomic theory and quantumchemie New beams / exotic decay modes: e.g.  -delayed fission Andreyev RMP 2013 Potential interest for the development of 211 At as a medical radioisotope - Guinness World Records has dubbed this element the rarest on Earth, stating: "Only around 25 g of the element astatine occurring naturally". Test of atomic theory and quantumchemie New beams / exotic decay modes: e.g.  -delayed fission Andreyev RMP 2013 Potential interest for the development of 211 At as a medical radioisotope - Resonant Ionization Laser Ion Source - RILIS S. Rothe et al. IP(At) = (8) eV McLaughlin J.Opt.Soc.Am. 1969

CERN Courier, Mar 28, 2013 Recent Mass measurements at ISOLTRAP RIB developments and new instrumentation Major improvement for the present low-energy ISOLDE program Allows for new instrumentation to be used and new high precision experiments to be executed (e.g. VITO, IDS) Major improvement for the present low-energy ISOLDE program Allows for new instrumentation to be used and new high precision experiments to be executed (e.g. VITO, IDS)

Physics REX ISOLDE: Coulomb Excitation 184,186,188 Hg Probing shape coexistence 184,186,188 Hg Probing shape coexistence 70 Se Hurst PRL 2007, Shape coexistence 96 Sr, 88 Kr, 92 Kr Albers PRL Sn; Cederkäll PRL ,108 Sn, Ekstrom PRL Sn; Cederkäll PRL ,108 Sn, Ekstrom PRL ,69,71,73 Cu, Stefanescu PRL ,70 Cu, Isomeric 68 Cu, Stefanescu PRL ,69,71,73 Cu, Stefanescu PRL ,70 Cu, Isomeric 68 Cu, Stefanescu PRL ,76,78,80 Zn Probing large scale shell model, Van de Walle, PRL ,31,32 Mg, Niedermaier PRL ,224 Ra ; 220,222 Rn Probing Pear Shape Gaffney Nature ,224 Ra ; 220,222 Rn Probing Pear Shape Gaffney Nature 2013 Coulomb excitation:Coulomb excitation: collectivity versus individual nucleon behaviourcollectivity versus individual nucleon behaviour ~ 72 different beams already used of 700 available!

182 Hg Coulex at 4 MeV/u: multi-step Coulomb excitation Coulomb excitation of 182 Hg REX-ISOLDE Miniball detector HIE-ISOLDE More and more precise matrix elements Type of deformation: Quadrupole (oblate, prolate, triaxial or mixing) Octupole Collectivity in the vicinity of closed shell nuclei Nucleon-nucleon correlation Test local symmetries More and more precise matrix elements Type of deformation: Quadrupole (oblate, prolate, triaxial or mixing) Octupole Collectivity in the vicinity of closed shell nuclei Nucleon-nucleon correlation Test local symmetries

Physics REX ISOLDE: few-nucleon transfer t( 30 Mg,p) 32 Mg, Wimmer, PRL 2010 Light nuclei, halos & clusters d( 8 Li,p) 9 Li*; Tengborn PRC (2011) d( 9 Li,p) 10 Li d( 11 Be,p) 12 Be Johansen PRC (2013) Light nuclei, halos & clusters d( 8 Li,p) 9 Li*; Tengborn PRC (2011) d( 9 Li,p) 10 Li d( 11 Be,p) 12 Be Johansen PRC (2013) t( 72 Zn,p) 73 Zn Hellgartner t( 44 Ar,p) 46 Ar Nowak t( 72 Zn,p) 73 Zn Hellgartner t( 44 Ar,p) 46 Ar Nowak Few-nucleon transfer reaction studies:Few-nucleon transfer reaction studies: single-particle propertiessingle-particle properties halo and cluster structureshalo and cluster structures g9/2 d( 66 Ni,p) 67 Ni Diriken t( 66 Ni,p) 68 Ni Elseviers d( 78 Zn,p) 79 Zn Orlandi d( 66 Ni,p) 67 Ni Diriken t( 66 Ni,p) 68 Ni Elseviers d( 78 Zn,p) 79 Zn Orlandi Sieja PRC

Single-particle energies of oxygen isotopes Steppenbeck Nature 2013 Otsuka PRL 2010

One-neutron transfer reaction 66 Ni(d,p) 67 Ni (3 MeV/u) d  /d  (mbar/sr) identification of neutron d 5/2 strength: g 9/2 -d 5/2 -s 1/2 (deformation driving orbitals) weak angular dependence on the transferred momentum 2d 5/2 1g 9/2 ν 2p 1/2 2p 3/2 40 1f 5/ s 1/2 5/2 + 9/2 + 5/2 - 1/2 - 3/2 -

One-neutron transfer reaction: beam energy dependence courtesy W. Catford

Two-neutron transfer (t,p) Wimmer PRL (2010), Elseviers to be published 30 Mg(t,p) 32 Mg (N=20) 66 Ni(t,p) 68 Ni (N=40) Wide spectrum of isotopes from one element available - s.p. trend Allows few-nucleon transfer reactions for heavier nuclei Higher sensitivity to the angular momentum transfer Less reaction model dependent analysis Use of more complex probes Wide spectrum of isotopes from one element available - s.p. trend Allows few-nucleon transfer reactions for heavier nuclei Higher sensitivity to the angular momentum transfer Less reaction model dependent analysis Use of more complex probes

ReactionPhysicsOptimum energy (d,p), ( 3 He,  ), ( 3 He,d), (d,n),… transfer Single-particle configurations, r- and rp-process for nucleosynthesis 10 MeV/u ( 3 He,p), (d,  ), (p,t), (t,p) pairing5-10 MeV/u Few-nucleon transfer Structure of neutron-rich and proton-rich nuclei 8 MeV/u Unsafe Coulomb excitation High-lying collective states6-8 MeV/u Compound nucleus reactions Exotic structure at drip line5 MeV/u Coulomb excitation, g-factor measurements Nuclear collectivity and single- particle aspects 3-5 MeV/u (p,p’  ), (p,  ), … nucleosynthesis2-5 MeV/u HIE ISOLDE opportunities: higher energy

Instrumentation for HIE ISOLDE - higher energy Helicoidal spectrometer gas volume incoming beam electric field segmented plane amplification zone magnetic field Active Gas Target Miniball + TREX upgrade Multi-purpose reaction chamber

Test Storage Ring at ISOLDE (courtesy F. Wenander) Grieser EPJ 2012 Advantages With respect to in-flight storage rings ● Higher intensity ● Cooler beams / Shorter cooling time With respect to “direct” beams ● Less background (target container, beam dump) ● Improved resolution (smaller beam size, reduced energy straggling in target) ● CW beam ● Luminosity increase for light beams Advantages With respect to in-flight storage rings ● Higher intensity ● Cooler beams / Shorter cooling time With respect to “direct” beams ● Less background (target container, beam dump) ● Improved resolution (smaller beam size, reduced energy straggling in target) ● CW beam ● Luminosity increase for light beams Physics programme Astrophysics Capture, transfer reactions 7 Be half life Atomic physics Effects on half lives Di-electronic recombination Nuclear physics Nuclear reactions Isomeric states Laser spectroscopy Physics programme Astrophysics Capture, transfer reactions 7 Be half life Atomic physics Effects on half lives Di-electronic recombination Nuclear physics Nuclear reactions Isomeric states Laser spectroscopy

HIE ISOLDE proposals - higher energy

RIB Production Methods (courtesy: L. Popescu) Radioactive Ion Beams are produced using two complementary ways Isotope Separator On Line method (ISOL): low/medium energy, high quality beams (phase space) In-flight method: high energy, short lived (  s) ISOL In-flight gas catcher

Worldwide Efforts Radioactive Ion Beam facilities worldwide (present/under construction) In Flight facilities ISOL: High energy protons: spallation, fragmentation, fission Low-energy high-intensity (mA) protons/neutron induced fission High intensity electron beams: fission 2018

HIE ISOLDE Offers excellent opportunities for RIB physics In the global context, it is a one of the world-leading, essential and complementary facilities Many thanks to: R. Catherall, A. Gottberg, M. Huyse, R. Raabe, S. Rothe, Ch. Seiffert, Th. Stora, F. Wenander, and the ISOLDE and HIE-ISOLDE teams! Many thanks to: R. Catherall, A. Gottberg, M. Huyse, R. Raabe, S. Rothe, Ch. Seiffert, Th. Stora, F. Wenander, and the ISOLDE and HIE-ISOLDE teams! Radioactive Ion Beam facilities: projects >2020