ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 10 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Blood

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I. Introduction 1) The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood and vessels 2) Blood: Transports everything that must be carried from one place to another 3) People have known for a long time that it was vital and loss could cause death 4) This chapter looks at blood and its function

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings II. Composition and function 1) Blood is unique because it is the only fluid tissue 2) It is a connective tissue that consists of the plasma (fluid matrix) and formed elements (cells) 3) Hematocrit: RBC 45%Plasma 55% Less than 1% WBC and platelets

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Physical characteristic a) Sticky, opaque fluid with a metal taste b) Color varies from bright red (oxygenated) and dull red (deoxygenated) c) pH is between 7.35 and 7.45 d) Temperature is slightly higher than normal body temp at about 38 C e) Weight: about 8 percent of the body weight, 5-6 liters

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Obese Female: 60cc/kg Adult Female: 65cc/kg Obese Male: 70cc/kg Adult Male: 75cc/kg Infant: 80cc/kg (Weight divided by 2.2) X (adult cc)= weight in cc move decimal 3 spaces left for liters

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Blood Plasma a) About 90% water, with over 100 substances dissolved in it b) Straw-colored liquid c) Plasma proteins: Most abundant solutes functioning in transport, immunity and osmotic balance

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6) Erythrocytes a) biconcave discs & anucleate b) Function to transport oxygen c) Hemoglobin: d) There are normally 5 million RBC per mm 3, each RBC has 250 million hemoglobin molecules and each of these can bind to 4 oxygen molecules (1 billion per cell)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7) Leukocytes: a) The only complete blood cell b) Function in defending the body against invaders and cancerous cells c) Diapedesis: d) Chemotaxis: g) Classes: 1. Neutrophil: phagocytes at the site of acute infection 2. Eosinophils: increase during allergies and infections by parasitic worms

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3. Basophils: rarest WBC, contain histamine granules, important in inflammation 4. Lymphocytes: Found in lymphatic tissue, part of immune response 5. Monocytes: Large WBC, activate into macrophages

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 10.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 10.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8) Platelets a) Function in blood clotting b) Megakaryocytes: Large cells that rupture to form platelets c) Normal count is 300,000 per mm 3 9) Hematopoiesis a) Occurs in Red bone marrow b) Hemocytoblast: Stem cell forming all blood cell types

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings c) Fig page 335 shows blood cell development d) RBC die in 100 to 120 days and are destroyed in the spleen, liver and other tissues

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings III. Hemostasis 1) Hemostasis: 2) Major phases: a) Platelet plug forms: Platelets become sticky and cling to damaged site b) Vascular spasm: Serotonin causes the blood vessel to spasm c) Coagulation:

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1. TF + PF 3 + Vit. K starts clotting cascade 2. Prothrombin becomes thrombin 3. Thrombin + fibrinogen, forms fibrin to (trap cells) form a clot 3) Normally blood clots in 3-6 minutes 4) To aid clotting: pressure, cauterize, clamp or tourniquet

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fibrin Clot Figure 10.7

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings IV. Blood groups and transfusions 1) Blood loss can be compensated up to a certain limit a) Percent: weakness b) Over 30 %: severe shock and death 2) When 1 pint of blood is lost, it takes 24 hours to replace the fluid and 45 to 50 days to replace the cells 3) Blood collected can be treated and stored up to 35 days

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) antigen: 5) When the immune system recognizes antigens on foreign blood, agglutination (clumping) occurs 6) Agglutination of cells leads to clogging of capillaries and can cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting and kidney failure 7) There are over 30 RBC antigens, but only 4 are of major concern

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8) ABO blood groups Type AntigenAntibody AAB AAB BBA ABboth Neither Oneither Both

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9) Rh: a) Antigen named for the rhesus monkey b) If you have the antigen, you are positive c) Usually not a problem unless a mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive. The second baby’s blood can be attacked and die d) Mother can be given RhoGAM to prevent sensitization to the Rh factor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 10) When a transfusion is given, the blood must be cross-matched to make sure they do not interact 11) AB blood is considered the universal recipient and O the universal donor

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Typing Figure 10.8