Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement From Classroom Instruction that Works by R. Marzano, D. Pickering, J. Pollock Created by The School District of Lee County, CSDC in conjunction with Cindy Harrison, Adams 12 Five Star Schools Identifying Similarities & Differences

Participant Outcomes Participants will: Understand the purpose and importance of identifying similarities and differences Determine ways to implement identifying similarities and differences in the Media Center Review examples of identifying similarities and differences activities

Categories in Instructional Strategies That Affect Student Achievement Category Average Effect Percentile No. of ESs Size (ES)Gain Identifying similarities and differences Summarizing and note taking Reinforcing effort and providing recognition Homework and practice Nonlinguistic representations Cooperative learning Setting objectives and providing feedback Generating and testing hypotheses Questions, cues and advance organizers ,251

Food eaten during frontier days Food eaten today Identifying Similarities & Differences

Generalizations based on research: 1.Presenting explicit guidance in identifying similarities & differences enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. 2.Asking students to independently identify similarities & differences enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. 3.Representing similarities & differences in graphic or symbolic form enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. 4.Identification of similarities & differences can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Research and Theory about Identifying Similarities & Differences

Generalization #1: Presenting explicit guidance in identifying similarities & differences enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. Teacher-directed Directly present with steps and give the information to compare Generalization #2: Asking students to independently identify similarities & differences enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. Student-directed Students identify topics for comparison Stimulates divergent thinking

Research and Theory about Identifying Similarities & Differences Generalization #3: Representing similarities & differences in graphic or symbolic form enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. Graphic/symbolic forms require students to deeply process information Increases number of distinctions students find Generalization #4: Identification of similarities & differences can be accomplished in a variety of ways. 4 ways to identify similarities and differences Comparing, classifying, creating metaphors, and creating analogies

Recommendations for Media Skills Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences a.Use comparing, classifying, creating metaphors, and creating analogies b.Give students a model c.Use a familiar context to teach steps d.Use graphic organizers e.Guide students

Recommendations for Media Skills Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences a. 4 basic processes should be taught Comparing The process of identifying and articulating similarities & differences among items. Classifying The process of grouping things into definable categories on the basis of their attributes. Creating Metaphors The process of identifying and articulating the underlying theme or general pattern in information. Creating Analogies The process of identifying relationships between pairs of concepts (e.g., relationships between relationships.

Recommendations for Media Skills Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences b.Give students models of the 4 processes 1.Select items want to compare 2.Select characteristics of the items on which you want to base your comparison 3.Explain how the items are similar and different with respect to the characteristics you selected.

Example of Comparison Fiction and Non-fiction

1.Identify items 2.Describe key attributes of an important item and identify other items with same attributes 3.Create a category by specifying attribute 4.Select another item, describe key attributes, identify other items with same attributes 5.Create 2 nd category by specifying attribute 6.Repeat steps 4 and 5 until all classified 7.If necessary, combine or split categories

Example of Classification Dewey Decimal Classification System Is similar to the grocery store.

1.Identify important or basic elements. 2.Write basic information as a general pattern by Replacing works for specific things with words for more general things Summarizing info when possible. 3.Find new information/situation to which the general pattern applies.

Example of Metaphor Cafeteria lunches are dog food

1.Identify how the 2 elements in the first pair are related. 2.State the relationship in a general way. 3.Identify another pair of elements that share a similar relationship.

Example of Analogy Words are to books as notes are to music

Recommendations for Classroom Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences c.Use a familiar context to teach steps Example: words create books (words and notes are both creative devices) notes create music

Recommendations for Classroom Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences d.Use graphic organizers Examples:

Recommendations for Classroom Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences e.Guide students as they engage in this process. Gradually give less structure and less guidance. Example: 1.Give complete analogy Words are to book as Notes are to music 2.Give incomplete analogy Evaporation is to water as Photosynthesis is to __________ 3.Give guidance and practice until the student can complete independently _________________ is to ______________ in the novel 1984 as _________________ is to ______________in The Scarlet Letter

Using a whip What have you learned about identifying similarities and differences?

What thoughts, questions, challenges, or ideas do you have?