13.2: War in Europe Begins The weak responses of world leaders to Hitler’s aggression leads to WWII
A. Path to War 1.Fall of Austria & Czechoslovakia a. Hitler takes over Austria 1938 b. What does the League of Nations do?
b. Czechoslovakia Hitler wants to take over the Sudetenland- contains a large German speaking population
2. The Munich Crisis (1938) a. Munich Pact i.“trio,” France, GB, Germany ii.Sudentlands given to Hitler
b. Winston Churchill & appeasement – giving up principles to pacify an aggressor
Winston Churchill; PM of GB Elected in 1940 Winston Churchill was named TIME's Man of the Year in 1940 and 1949 "An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile — hoping it will eat him last." — Winston Churchill
3. Hitler Demands Danzig a.Danzig is part of Poland b.Is 90% German c.Britain and France vow to protect Poland if Germany invades d.Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland e.Sept. 3, 1939: France & GB declares war on Germany; the war has begun!
4. The Nazi-Soviet Pact a.Agreement between Stalin and Hitler b.Stalin wants capitalist nations to go against each other; USSR safe c.Hitler’s goal: avoid a two-front war d.Secret deal: divide Poland between the two countries
B. The War Begins September 3, Germany attacks Poland 2.Blitzkrieg-lightning war; surprise, nonstop attacks 3.Germany’s goal: to cut Polish supply lines 4.End result – Germany controls Poland by the end of the month
5. “Phony War” a.After Poland invasion nothing happened for the next few months b.Hitler goes around the Maginot Line through the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luembourg
Maginot Line Maginot line started after WWI; ineffective French spent millions on its development
6. The Miracle at Dunkirk Allied forces trapped in Belgium were able to escape to GB via the only port the Germans did not capture in France, Dunkirk. For unknown reasons, Hitler German forces to stop Allows Allied troops to regroup and evacuate > 330,000 troops saved
Vichy France Hitler captures Northern France French commander Marshal Petain heads Vichy gov’t - puppet gov’t in south of France; Hitler true ruler Gen Charles de Gaulle exiled in GB vowing to regain France
WWII: German Advances
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Battle of Britain Goal: for Hitler to conquer GB by… Blitzkrieg + air fleet invasion Luftwaffe vs. Royal Air Force (RAF) In the beginning, whose winning? Technology that helped RAF win? RADAR; could see in the dark Hitler calls off invasion of Britain
British Hawker Hurricane (bomber)
Supermarine Spitfire (bomber)
Messerschmitt BF 10
Arado AR 240 (heavy fighter)
Soviet w/ german pow
Europe prior to WWI
Europe after WWI
Europe 1990
Europe 1995