Inflammation, Infection, and the Stress Response

INFLAMMATION  Process by which the body utilizes WBCs and chemicals to provide immediate protection from infection and foreign substances  Nonspecific immune response  Can rid body of harmful organisms  Tissue damage may result from chronic inflammation

INFLAMMATION  WHAT DISEASES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INFLAMMATION?  WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?  WHAT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION?  WHAT MEDICATIONS ARE USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATION?

TYPES OF CELLS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION NEUTROPHILS SEGS, BANDS AND LEFT SHIFT MACROPHAGES EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS

PROGRESSIOM FROM BAND TO SEG

PHAGOCYTOSIS Key process of inflammation Cellular process of engulfing solid particles such as bacteria and cell debris and removing them Rids the body of debris after tissue injury Neutrophils and macrophages

PHAGOCYTOSIS—SEVEN STEPS EXPOSURE AND INVASION ATTRACTION ADHERENCE RECOGNITION CELLULAR INGESTION PHAGOSOME FORMATION DEGRADATION

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SEQUENCE Stage I- Vascular (change in blood vessel) Phase I rapid blood vessel constriction Phase II hyperemia, edema Stage II- Cellular Exudate increase in circulating neutrophils, formation of pus Stage III- Tissue Repair and Replacement

Clicker Question Which of the following is not a local manifestation of inflammation A.) Swelling B.) Pain C.) Redness D.) Leukocytosis

Clicker Question The inflammatory response: A.) Prevents blood from entering injured tissue B.) Elevates body temperature to prevent spread of infection C.) Prevents formation of abscesses D.) Minimizes injury and promotes healing

Stress & Coping

Scientific Knowledge Base Fight or flight response to a stressor Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system Medulla Oblongata Reticular Formation Pituitary Gland

General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm Reaction Resistance Stage Exhaustion Stage

Response to Stress Physiological Responses- LAS, GAS Local Adaptation Syndrome-1.) Reflex Pain Response 2.)Inflammatory Response General Adaptation Response- 1.)Alarm Reaction (Flight or Fight) 2.) Resistance Stage 3.) Exhaustion Phase

GAS Activation Alarm Stage- Stressor triggers the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, activates SNS Resistance Stage- actions of adrenal hormones Exhaustion Stage- occurs if stress continues and adaptation is not successful

Stress Response Nervous system Endocrine system Immune system

Clicker Question What characterizes the alarm stage? A.) Increased lymphocytes B.) Increased SNS activation C.) Increased PNS activation D.) Increased eosinophils

Types of Stress Eustress Distress Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD)

Understanding Stress Response Psychological response- Coping Mechanism, Ego-Defense Mechanism Situational Factors Developmental/Maturational Factors Intellectual Factors Emotional, Behavioral Issues Family Factors Lifestyle Factors Sociocultural, Spiritual Factors

Assessing Stress Physiological Indicators Stress Situations Psychological Indicators Developmental Indicators Emotional Behavioral Indicators Intellectual Indicators Family Indicators

Implementation Stress Management Time Management Medications Alternative Therapies Regular Exercise Good Nutrition and Diet Rest Support Systems Crisis Intervention

Restorative Care Humor Enhancing Self-esteem Relaxation Techniques Spirituality Stress Management