HIS3931 REVIEW: FROM SECOND WORLD WAR TO COLD WAR, DIVIDED EUROPE

WAR IN EUROPE AFTER 1940 Western Offensive, May 1940 Battle for Britain: A turning point? Italy’s parallel war: Mussolini an asset or liability? African theater of war. Britain stands alone? US/British relations up to Operation Barbarossa: How does it change the course of the war?

THE “INNER WAR” Internal developments: Creating (colonizing) a “New Europe” Resistance movements German hegemony in Europe Life behind the lines Women at War Role of intelligence and industrial productivity Holocaust and crimes against humanity.

TURNING POINTS U.S. enters the war, 1941 Battle of Stalingrad, (Kursk, etc.) North African campaign/Italy defeated, Opening a second front, 1944: Operation Overlord and Bagration. War in the Pacific: Turning points (Midway) Colonial rule in Asia (Indochina, Burma, China)

POLITICS OF WAR War-time conferences Events: Warsaw uprising of Manhattan project Role of personalities: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, etc.

END OF WAR Defeating Germany, : Significance of final battles (Arnhem, Bulge, Berlin, Atomic bombs in Japan) Europe transformed: origins of Cold War Greek Civil War, ; Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift,

END OF WAR ASIA: KOREAN CONFLICT + June, 1950 – War begins with N. Korean invasion of south. + July, 1953 – Armistice signals end of fighting. + Tensions persist for the next five decades. + Consequences: First major “hot” conflict in the Cold War + U.S. commits to using military in order to enforce its “containment” doctrine. + War avoided between USSR and US.

AFRICA: INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS, TIME-TABLE 1951 – Libya becomes independent (from Italy) 1956 – Morocco and Tunisia cede from France – Ghana becomes independent (from GB) 1958 – Independence of Egypt – Republic of South Africa formed under a White- dominated government – Algeria becomes independent from France – Mozambique/Angola obtain independence from Portugal – Zimbabwe established after downfall of Rhodesian government in

COLD WAR, CONT. Western democracies: Great Britain, France, and Italy – Two Germanys – Cold War after Stalin, Khrushchev’s “secret speech” Suez Crisis, 1956, Hungarian Uprising, 1956 Berlin Crises, (Berlin Wall) Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Czechoslovakian Crisis, 1968