Ethylene glycol, HOCH 2 CH 2 OH, boils at 198 o C and melts at -13 o C. What happens to the melting point of water if you add antifreeze? Melting point goes down. Boiling Points - Distillations

What happens to the boiling point of water if you add antifreeze? The boiling point goes up. Add Antifreeze

Solids Usually melt low Liquids Usually boil between the two components Mixtures

Solution boils when the vapor pressure = applied pressure Vapor pressure of water vs. temperature

If you add salt, NaCl, to water what happens to the melting point? Impurities depress the melting point so it goes down. Add Salt

If you add salt, NaCl, to water what happens to the boiling point? The boiling point goes up. Salt Boiling Point

P = P o *N Observed Pressure Pure Substance Mole Fraction Raoult’s Law

Two Volatile Liquids

a P a = P o a * N a b P b = P o b * N b Mixture boils when P a + P b = P applied Two Volatile Liquids

Plot of boiling point vs. mole fraction for a mixture of acetone and benzene. Boiling point vs. mole fraction

Boiling point of an acetone-benzene mixture with a mole fraction benzene of 0.50 What is the composition of the vapor? Boiling point vs. mole fraction

Vapor richer in the lower boiling component

Fractional Distillation

HETP = 1.5 cm Packed Column

HETP = 10 cm Vigreux Column

Which column has the greater holdup? Packed because it has the larger surface area.

Separations Which column would you use to separate a mixture of pentane, b.p. 36 o and octane, b.p. 99 o ? Vigreux

Separations Which column would you use to separate a mixture of methyl alcohol, b.p. 65 o and water, b.p. 100 o ? Packed

Separate mixture of methanol and water. Plot volume distilled vs. temperature. Experiment

Setup

CH 3 OH Methyl alcohol is toxic!

14/20 20 mm 14 mm Standard Taper Joints

Grease joints to prevent sticking.

Thermowell

Plug the thermowell into the variable transformer

Boiling Chips Put boiling chips in bottom of flask

Distilling Column

Thermometer Adapter

Digital Thermometer

Probe for digital thermometer

Digital Thermometer

Water in Water out

Clamps

Same interactions between like and unlike molecules NONIDEAL MIXTURES: Strong attractions between like molecules Strong attractions between unlike molecules A. B. IDEAL MIXTURES:

Minimum - boiling azeotrope Ethanol - Benzene

Min Azeotrope

Maximum-boiling azeotrope Acetone - Chloroform

Max Azeotrope

Simple Distillation