KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12 th edition Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens Presentation Created by TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC Humboldt State University Revised by Hamilton & Weimar KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12 th edition Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens Presentation Created by TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC Humboldt State University Revised by Hamilton & Weimar Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

9B-2  Bony-cartilaginous cage  Formed by ribs & cartilages  Sternum  Thoracic vertebrae  7 true ribs  5 false ribs  2 floating ribs Fig 9.30

9B-3  Ribs  Articular surface  Tubercle  Shape  All but the lowest two articulate with the sternum.

9B-4  1 st, th ribs each articulate with one vertebrae.  All others articulate with two adjacent vertebrae.  Nonaxial: permits slight gliding. Fig 9.31

9B-5  Except ribs 11 & 12,  Each also has an articulation between:  Tubercle of rib.  Transverse process of vertebrae. Fig 9.32

9B-6  Sternocostal joints  Sternocostal  Costochondral  Interchondral  Intersternal Fig 9.33

9B-7  Increase in Transverse diameter  Increase in Anteroposterior diameter  Increase in Vertical Diameter Fig 9.34

9B-8  Pre-inspiration: brief static phase that precedes the intake of air.  Inspiration: expansion of thorax & taking in of air.  Pre-expiration: brief static phase following inspiration.  Expiration: outflow of air & decrease in thoracic volume.

9B-9  Primary Function of Respiration  Diaphragm  Intercostales, external & internal  Levatores costorum  Serratus posterior inferior  Serratus posterior superior  Transversus thoracis

9B-10  Secondary Function of Respiration  Abdominals  Erector Spinae  Extensors of cervical & thoracic spine  Pectoralis major & minor  Quadratus lumborum  Scalenes  Sternocleidomastoid  Trapezius

9B-11 Diaphragm Dome-shaped sheet between thoracic & abdominal cavities. Function: Inspiration Fig 9.35

9B-12 Fig 9.36 Internal Intercostales Between ribs in downward & backward slant of fiber. Function: Expiration External Intercostales Downward & forward slant of fibers. Function: Inspiration

9B-13 Serratus Posterior Inferior Lowest 4 ribs to vertebrae below. Function: Depress & stabilize. Serratus Posterior Superior Upper 4 ribs to vertebrae above. Function: Elevate ribs. Fig 9.37

9B-14 Abdominals Function:  Passive in quiet breathing.  Active on forced expiration. Fig 9.17

9B-15 Fig 9.21 Erector Spinae Function: Stabilize spine & pelvis.

9B-16 Fig 9.23 Extensors of Cervical & Thoracic Spine Function: Stabilize head & neck.

9B-17 Pectoralis Major and Minor Function: Deep inspiration. Quadratus Lumborum Function: Anchors last rib during inspiration. Scalenes Function: Inspiration. Sternocleidomastoid Function: Forced inspiration. Trapezius Function: Stabilizer.

9B-18 Inspiration:  Diaphragm, scalenes, intercostals.  Sternocleidomastoid, serratus posterior superior, levatores costarum, quadratus lumborum, erector spinae, pectoralis major & minor. Expiration: Quiet is passive.  Abdominals, erectors spinae, transverse thoracic, intercostals.

9B-19 Neck Injuries  Not common except in falls, blows, or accidents.  May be life threatening. Whiplash  Cervical sprain resulting from violent motion.  Results in pain, stiffness.

9B-20 Muscle & Ligament Injuries  Strain - usually from a violent contraction, or  Movement in more than one plane, or  Poor posture.  In trunk bending, muscles and ligaments bear large part of load. Strains to muscles may occur.  Loading that occurs at an angle to axis will produce tension in muscles, ligaments, & discs.

9B-21 Vertebral Fracture  Often the result of a severe blow.  Risk increases with age.  High impact sports carry risk of damage to spinal column.

9B-22 Disc Problems  Two most common are disc degeneration and disc herniation.  Disc herniation:  Repeated heavy lifting with poor biomechanics.  Annulus fibrosus is ruptured.  Nucleus pulposus may protrude through.

9B-23 Rib Fractures  Direct blows or forceful compressions.  Fairly common in contact sports.  Sudden, violent, muscular contraction may also be a cause.  Two or more ribs are likely to be involved.  Complication if rib damages soft tissue.  May cause pain on breathing

9B-24 Low Back Pain  From poor posture, inefficient lifting, repetitive stress or other factors.  Activities requiring high impact, heavy resistance or endurance may increase risk.  Osteoporosis & osteoarthritis may be involved.  May be a symptom of other problems.  Often treated with rehabilitative exercises.