Breaks & The Axial Skeleton Ch. 5b

Who has ever broken a bone? Do you know what kind of break it was?

Bone Fractures Slide 5.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  A break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin  Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization  Realignment of the bone

Closed (Simple) Fracture

Open (Compound) Fracture

Common Types of Fractures Slide 5.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 5.2

Repair of Bone Fractures Slide 5.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed  Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus  Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus  Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Slide 5.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.5

The Axial Skeleton Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Forms the longitudinal part of the body  Three Major Parts  Skull  Vertebral column  Bony thorax

Challenge Problem- keep your lab for this 1. You are a forensic scientist. You are called to the desert to identify a some bones and you identify the forearm bones. The radius measures 9.5” and the hand had 2 small rings on the phalanges. Can you make a guess at the sex and height of the person? Do so if you can. 2. You show up to a grisly crime scene and find a dismembered arm appearing to belong to a man. Skin is still attached it has lots of hair. The radius of the arm measures 12”. Missing person reports show 3 men recently missing. 5’5”, 6’, and 5’8”. Which on do you think it is?

The Axial Skeleton Slide 5.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.6

The Skull Slide 5.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two sets of bones  Cranium  Facial bones  Bones are joined by sutures  Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

The Skull Slide 5.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.7

Basic Cranial Bones

Bones of the Skull Slide 5.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.11

Basic Facial Bones

Skull Bones you have to know… Cranial: Frontal: forehead Parietal: top of head Occipital: back of head Temporal: on the sides of the head Facial: Nasal Bone: bony part of your nose Mandible: Bottom jaw Maxilla: Upper jaw

Quick Quiz Point to your Frontal Bone Point to your Nasal Bone Point to your Mandible Point to your temporal Bone

Paranasal Sinuses Slide 5.25a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Figure 5.10

Paranasal Sinuses Slide 5.25b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Functions of paranasal sinuses  Lighten the skull  Give resonance and amplification to voice Figure 5.10

Shortest person Point to your sinuses. Tell your closest ‘friend’ at the table what sinuses do.

The Hyoid Bone Slide 5.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The only bone that does not articulate with another bone  Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Figure 5.12

The Fetal Skull Slide 5.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length Figure 5.13

The Fetal Skull Slide 5.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones  Allow the brain to grow  Convert to bone within 24 months after birth Figure 5.13

Person in Cardinal Colors What might happen to an MMA fighter if Ronda Rousey was crushing their hyoid bone?

The Vertebral Column Slide 5.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs  The spine has a normal curvature  Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14

Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Slide 5.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.17a, b

Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae Slide 5.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.17c, d

Bones you need to know in the Vertebral Column… Cervical Vertebrae: Top 7 vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae: Next 12 vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae: next 5 vertebrae Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae at the lower part of the vertebral column Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae at the bottom of the vertebral column

Draw the vertebral column Using the book draw the vertebral column and label the 3 regions and the last two sets of bones.

Spinal Problems Scoliosis

Spinal Problems Kyphosis

Spinal Problems Lordosis

Quick Quiz Where on the vertebral column can you find the Cervical Vertebrae? Where on the vertebral column can you find the Coccyx? Why is the vertebral column curved?

Challenge Problem 1. An older woman was skiing and wrecked into a tree. The doctors told her she dislocated her shoulder. What bones are involved in a shoulder dislocation? 2. If a bicyclist crashed on his bike and broke ribs that were attached to his sternum, what type of ribs did he break?

The Bony Thorax Slide 5.31a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Function: Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a

The Bony Thorax Slide 5.31b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Made-up of three parts  Sternum  Ribs  Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a

Bones you need to know in the Bony Thorax True Ribs: Attach directly to the Sternum, Top 7 ribs False Ribs: Attach indirectly to the sternum, or don’t attach at all, bottom 5 ribs Sternum: Center bone of the rib cage Xiphoid Process: small bone at the bottom of the Sternum

Quick Quiz What makes True ribs “true” What do you think the function of the sternum is? What happens to a boxer if he/she gets hit in the xiphoid process?