Phonetics and phonology EXPLANATION FOR EXERCISE 2 (SEMENTAL PHONOLOGY) RULES OF PHONOLOGY DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH1

1.Nasalise pure vowels and dipthongs before a nasal stops /m/, /n/, /ƞ/ EX1: Thing, impermeable, twentieth EX3: linguistics, can, inquiry, human, language, between, development, aims, sounds, into DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH2

2. Apply homorganic constraints Between some morphemes /in/Before vowels, before alveolars /t/,/s/,/d/ into /iƞ /Before velars /ɡ//k/ :linguistics inquiry, uncle /im/Before bilabials /b/, /m/, /p / : impermeable /il/Before laterals /l/ : illegal /ir/Before retroflex / r/: irregular DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH 3

Within a morpheme /m/Before bilabial : pump /n/ before dental: tenth /n/ before alveolar: /ƞ/ before velar: uncle DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH4

3. Devoice nasal stops /m/, /n/, /ƞ/ liquids /l/ /r/and glides /j/ /w/ after initial voiceless consonants EX1: prays twentieth clapped EX 3: properties, provide DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH5

5. Devoice final and initial voiced nonnasal/oral stops /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ fricatives /v/, /ð/, / z/, /ʒ/ and affricates /ʤ/ EX 1: lose breathe breath EX 3: be, defined, as, the, language, between, them, development, of, sounds, called, aims, features, provide, describe. DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH6

6. Devoice the final consonant of the preceding word if it is voiced and followed by a voiceless initial consonant of the following word Ex 3:... is called …..All sounds in human DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH7

Voice fully Voiced oral stops, voiced fricatives, voiced affricates occur in middle position of words EX3: linguistics, development DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH8

7. Aspirate voiceless nonnasal/ oral stops /k//p//t/ when they occur Word-initially Ex 1:cough, clapped pray twentieth Ex 3: can, to, properties, called, provide Word-internally introducing a stressed syllable Ex1: impermeable Ex 3: inquiry, scientific DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH9

Voiceless nonnasal/ oral stops /k//p//t/ are UNASPIRATED: In a consonant cluster, following /s/ Ex 3: speech In word-finally position: Ex 1: clapped Ex 3: development, it, set, that, scientific Word-internally introducing an unstressed syllable Ex 3: into, linguistic, phonetics, properties DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH10

8. The lateral /l/ fully voiced or the clear [l] occurs before a vowel, mostly word-initial position EX1 lose EX3: linguistics, language, relationship, development The dark /l/: occurs after a vowel, and before a consonant or before a pause. EX3: well, called, all DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH11

The syllabic /l/: (also pronounced dark)stands at the peak (either the nucleus or the center) of an unstressed syllable. This rule is also applied to the /n/, /m/, /r/ EX1: impermeable EX3: relationship acquisition DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH12

9.Reduce unstressed vowels except those occurring word- finally to ‘the schwa’ /ə/ Scien’tific, ‘into, ‘human, re’lationship, be’tween, de’velopment, pho’netic, pro’vided, des’cribe. Weak forms /ə/ in grammatical words Ex2 can as to at an and than was DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH13

10. Shorten a vowel or voiced continuant consonant before final voiceless consonants Ex 1: loose, cough, clapped, breath, twentieth Ex 3: scientific, relationship, speech, phonetics, it, set, that Ex3: science, development DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH14

11. Delete the middle consonant in a complex consonant cluster Ex3: sounds, and the, Delete a/ ɡ/ when it occurs before nasal stops /m/ or /n/ Delete a word - final /b/ when it occurs after an /m/ Optional delete unstressed vowels in rapid and casual speech DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH15

12. LINKING stop-to-vowel: What are /‘wɒt _ə/; as old as/əz _‘ ə  ld _ əz /; wan’t he /‘wɒznt_i/; meet him /‘mi:t_im/; surprised at /sə‘praizd_ət/ DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH16

Fricative/affricate-to-vowel: … sounds in /sa  n(d)z_ in/; ….has an uncle /‘hæz_ ən_‘  ƞkl/ …. science of / ‘saiəns_əv/ DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH17

Continuant /n/, /l/, /r/ -to-vowel: …can I /kən_ai/, …than I /ðən_ai/ …and a /ən_ ə / There are /ðər_ ə/; Consonant-to-consonant: DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH18

Vowel-to-vowel: Who will /‘hu: w _əl/; She is /  i j iz/; ….into its /‘intə r i(t)s/; The airport /ði j _‘eəpͻ:t]; … inquiry into /iƞkwaiəri j ‘intə/ DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH19

13. LIAISON insert /r, /j/, /w/ between the 2 vowels: Who will /‘hu: w _əl/; She is /  i j iz/; ….into its /‘intə r i(t)s/; The airport /ði j _‘eəpͻ:t/; … inquiry into /iƞkwaiəri j ‘intə/ DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH20

14. ELLISION: complex consonant cluster at the boundaries  especially, alveolar plosive: /t/, /d/; and /v/ in “of” before consonant are omitted Ex 3: … sounds /sa  n(d)z/; … and /ən(d)/; … science of speech /‘saiəns_ə(v) spi:ʧ/ … set of feature /set_ə(v) ‘fi:t  əz/ DO THI HONG + TO NGUYEN KHANH21