Chapter 20

The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism The Emergence of Nationalism –Nationalism – a nation should be composed of people who are joined together by the bonds of a common culture; political and ethnic boundaries should coincide Opposition to the Vienna Settlement –challenged the domestic and international order of the Vienna Settlement –popular sovereignty - the concept that political and legislative power resides with the citizens

Creating Nations –historians, writers, and literary scholars used printed word to create a sense of national identity –language became a an effective cornerstone of in the foundation of nationalism because of the print culture

Meaning of Nationhood –nationhood came to be associated with groups that were large enough to support a viable economy, that had a significant cultural history, that possessed a cultural history, that possessed a cultural elite that could nourish and spread the national language, and that had the military capacity to conquer other peoples or to establish and protect their own independence

Regions of Nationalistic Pressure –Ireland, German states, Italian states, Poland, Eastern Europe, Southeastern Europe

Early 19th Century Political Liberalism –Liberalism – anyone who challenged their own political, social or religious values

Political Goals – embraced Enlightenment thinkers, examples of English liberties, and the ideals of the French Revolution –Limit the power of the government – constitutional government that represents the people; Legal equality; Religious toleration; Freedom of the press –Those who were liberal tended to be educated, relatively wealthy, educated, professionals or involved with commercial/manufacturing segments of economy did not promote democracy – wanted propertied classes represented; privilege based on wealth and property rather than birth Economic Goals –End mercantilism, regulated economies, and any barrier to trade –Wanted an economic structure in which people were at liberty to use whatever talents and property they possessed to enrich themselves – free markets and laissez faire

Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order Conservative Outlooks –conservatism – legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies and established churches who wanted to keep traditional ways of politics, social structure and economics –the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars not only struck fear into the conservative order but also allowed them to exercise firm control over their populations

Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the German States –Clemens Von Metternich and Lord Castlereagh – architects of Vienna Settlement –Dynastic Integrity of the Habsburg Empire –Fear of ethnic minorities and nationalism; dominated Italian states and German Confederation

Defeat of Prussian Reform Frederick William III reestablished the old bonds linking monarchy, army and landowners

Student Nationalism and the Carlsbad Decrees –Burchenschaften – student associations that called for on united German state; Karl Sand assassinates August von Kotzebue –Carlsbad Decrees – dissolves Burchenschaften, creates university inspectors and censors the press –Final Act – limits what constitutional chambers can discuss, reasserts right of monarch, and unleashed secret police against dissidents

Postwar Repression in Great Britain Lord Liverpool’s Ministry and Popular Unrest Lord Liverpool sought to protect the interests of the landed and wealthy classes –Corn Laws passed; replaced wealthy income tax with sales taxes; Combination Acts; talk of removing Poor Law –Coercion Acts in response to protests – suspended habeas corpus and extended existing laws against seditious gatherings

Peterloo and the Six Acts –Peterloo Masacre in Manchester –Six Acts – forbade large unauthorized meetings, raised fines for seditious libel, speeded up trials for political agitators, increased newspaper taxes, prohibited the training of armed groups and allowed search of homes –Cato Street Conspiracy – discredits liberal movements

Bourbon Restoration in France The Charter – hereditary monarchy and bicameral legislature; upper house – Chamber of Peers and lower house – Chamber of Deputies guaranteed most rights from Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen; religious toleration; no challenge to property rights gained during revolution Ultraroyalism – royalist supporters who suffered during the revolution White Terror – attacks on supporters of the revolution after the battle of Waterloo Assassination of duke of Berri – heir to the throne – led to government crackdown on liberalism and its supporters

The Conservative International Order –The Congress System – first meeting of Conservative Europe at Aix-la-Chapelle

The Spanish Revolution of 1820 –military revolt against Ferdinand VII to restore constitution; Metternich gets Austria, Prussia and Russia to support French intervention in Spain –the combined force puts down the revolution and saves monarchy of Ferdindand VII –the member countries of the Concert of Europe did not use their alliance to gain power or territory – they sought to maintain international order –British Prime Minister George Canning focused on breaking Spain’s trading monopoly in Latin America – he recognized independent Latin American countries and the Monroe Doctrine

Revolt Against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans The Eastern Question – what to do about the Ottoman’s inability to assure political and administrative stability in its possessions Britain, France and Russia intervene in Greek fight for independence Treaty of London – independent Greece with German king Otto I Treaty of Adrianople – Russia takes modern day Romania from Ottomans Serbia –Kara George led guerilla war against Ottomans from giving Serbs a national identity –Milos Obrenovitch negotiates for autonomy then independence –Russia becomes Serbia’s formal protector