Objective: You will be able to compare and contrast the equations of respiration. Do Now: Read p. 221 What is the most important use of food?

ATP  Contain three phosphate groups  Have energy between phosphate bonds  ATP supplies energy by breaking the bonds between phosphates  Energy is used to carry out chemical reactions  The bonds are restored by respiration

Figure 6.10 The ATP cycle

The Structure of ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphate) –Is the cell’s energy –Provides energy for cellular functions Figure 8.8 O O O O CH 2 H OH H N HH O N C HC N C C N NH 2 Adenine Ribose Phosphate groups O O O O O O CH

Respiration Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36ATP Breaking down glucose with oxygen allows us to make 38 ATP

Anaerobic respiration Occurs without oxygen Only makes 2 ATP Also called fermentation

Anaerobic respiration in humans When we can’t get enough oxygen to our muscles, they become fatigued. We then have to do respiration without using oxygen C 6 H 12 O 6 Lactic acid + 2ATP

Anaerobic respiration in yeast Produces alcohol and CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 Alcohol + CO 2 +2 ATP

Global Warming Is partly caused by an increase of CO 2 in the air? Why would cutting down a forest and leaving the trees to rot increase the effect of global warming?

Create your own lab day!

Bromthymol Used to test for the presence of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) If CO 2 is present it is a yellow color If CO 2 is NOT present it is a blue color

How does exercise affect the disposal of CO 2 ? What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? Design your experiment –Write a hypothesis –How would you test for CO 2 ? –List the procedure –List the materials you will need

Objective: You will be able to outline the events of glycolysis. Do Now: Read p. 223 What is the function of NAD +

The Principle of Redox Redox reactions –Transfer electrons from one reactant to another by oxidation and reduction

Electrons from organic compounds –Are usually first transferred to NAD +, a coenzyme NAD + H O O OO–O– O O O–O– O O O P P CH 2 HO OH H H HOOH HO H H N+N+ C NH 2 H N H N N Nicotinamide (oxidized form) NH 2 + 2[H] (from food) Dehydrogenase Reduction of NAD + Oxidation of NADH 2 e – + 2 H + 2 e – + H + NADH O H H N C + Nicotinamide (reduced form) N Figure 9.4

The electron transport chain Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of in one explosive reaction Uses the energy from the electron transfer to form ATP

2 H 1 / 2 O 2 (from food via NADH) 2 H e – 2 H + 2 e – H2OH2O 1 / 2 O 2 Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP ATP Electron transport chain Free energy, G (b) Cellular respiration + Figure 9.5 B

An overview of cellular respiration Figure 9.6 Electrons carried via NADH Glycolsis Glucose Pyruvate ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2 Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Mitochondrion Cytosol

Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP 2 ATP 4 ATP used formed Glucose 2 ATP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 2 NAD e H + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 Pyruvate + 2 H 2 O Energy investment phase Energy payoff phase Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H 2 O 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD e – + 4 H + 2 NADH + 2 H + Figure 9.8

Occurs in the cytosol Splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules The first phase requires the addition of 2 ATP molecules to start the reaction The second phase yields 4 ATP and 2 NADH. The net yield of glycolysis is 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Group Activity Your objective is to design a screenplay about glycolysis. You will need to create a: –Glucose character –NAD+ character –Something to represent electrons –Something to represent ATP

CYTOSOLMITOCHONDRION NADH + H + NAD CO 2 Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyle CoA S CoA C CH 3 O Transport protein O–O– O O C C CH 3 Figure 9.10

Citric Acid Cycle Completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion

ATP 2 CO 2 3 NAD + 3 NADH + 3 H + ADP + P i FAD FADH 2 Citric acid cycle CoA Acetyle CoA NADH + 3 H + CoA CO 2 Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) ATP Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Figure 9.11

The Citric Acid Cycle Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria Acetyl CoA enters the cycle and is completely broken down into CO 2 Cycle occurs once for each CoA molecule A total of 1 ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH 2 are produced for each turn 2 molecules of CO 2 is released as waste per turn

Objective: You will be able discuss the significance of the ETC. Do Now: Read “Electron Transport” p What is the energy of the electrons directly used for?

NADH and FADH 2 Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

H2OH2O O2O2 NADH FADH2 FMN FeS O FAD Cyt b Cyt c 1 Cyt c Cyt a Cyt a 3 2 H  2 I II III IV Multiprotein complexes Free energy (G) relative to O 2 (kcl/mol) Figure 9.13 Electron Transport Chain

Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement ATP Production ATP synthase Channel Inner Membrane Matrix Intermembrane Space Mitochondrion