Fig. 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO 2 + H 2 O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O 2 ATP powers most cellular work Heat energy ATP

Fig. 9-UN1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron)

Fig. 9-5 Free energy, G (a) Uncontrolled reaction H2OH2O H / 2 O 2 Explosive release of heat and light energy (b) Cellular respiration Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP 2 H e – 2 H + 1 / 2 O 2 (from food via NADH) ATP 1 / 2 O 2 2 H + 2 e – Electron transport chain H2OH2O

Fig Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Cytosol Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis Electrons carried via NADH

Fig ATP ADP Hexokinase 1 ATP ADP Hexokinase 1 Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate

Fig Hexokinase ATP ADP 1 Phosphoglucoisomerase 2 Phosphogluco- isomerase 2 Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate

1 Fig Hexokinase ATP ADP Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase ATP ADP 2 3 ATP ADP Phosphofructo- kinase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Fructose-6-phosphate 3

Fig Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Cytosol Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis Electrons carried via NADH

Fig Mitochondrion Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Cytosol Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis Electrons carried via NADH Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2 Citric acid cycle

Fig CYTOSOLMITOCHONDRION NAD + NADH+ H Pyruvate Transport protein CO 2 Coenzyme A Acetyl CoA

Fig Pyruvate NAD + NADH + H + Acetyl CoA CO 2 CoA Citric acid cycle FADH 2 FAD CO NAD H + ADP +P i ATP NADH

Fig Acetyl CoA CoA—SH Citrate H2OH2O Isocitrate NAD + NADH + H + CO2CO2  -Keto- glutarate CoA—SH CO2CO2 NAD + NADH + H + Succinyl CoA CoA—SH P i GTP GDP ADP ATP Succinate FAD FADH 2 Fumarate Citric acid cycle H2OH2O Malate Oxaloacetate NADH +H + NAD

Fig Mitochondrion Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Cytosol Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis Electrons carried via NADH Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2 Citric acid cycle

Fig Mitochondrion Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Cytosol Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis Electrons carried via NADH Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2 Oxidative phosphorylation ATP Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis

Fig NADH NAD + 2 FADH 2 2 FAD Multiprotein complexes FAD FeS FMN FeS Q  Cyt b   Cyt c 1 Cyt c Cyt a Cyt a 3 IVIV Free energy (G) relative to O 2 (kcal/mol) (from NADH or FADH 2 ) 0 2 H / 2 O2O2 H2OH2O e–e– e–e– e–e–

Fig Protein complex of electron carriers H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Cyt c Q    VV FADH 2 FAD NAD + NADH (carrying electrons from food) Electron transport chain 2 H / 2 O 2 H2OH2O ADP + P i Chemiosmosis Oxidative phosphorylation H+H+ H+H+ ATP synthase ATP 21

Fig Maximum per glucose: About 36 or 38 ATP + 2 ATP + about 32 or 34 ATP Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle 2 Acetyl CoA Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 6 NADH2 FADH 2 2 NADH CYTOSOL Electron shuttles span membrane or MITOCHONDRION

Fig Mitochondrion Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Cytosol Glucose Pyruvate Glycolysis Electrons carried via NADH Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2 Oxidative phosphorylation ATP Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis