Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Figure 6.1_1 Sunlight energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 Glucose H2O O2 Cellular respiration in mitochondria Figure 6.1_1 The connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration (for cellular work) ATP Heat energy 1

Figure 6.2_1 Breathing Lungs Bloodstream Muscle cells carrying out CO2 Lungs CO2 Bloodstream O2 Figure 6.2_1 The connection between breathing and cellular respiration Muscle cells carrying out Cellular Respiration Glucose  O2 CO2  H2O  ATP 2

Figure 6.4 Activity kcal consumed per hour by a 67.5-kg (150-lb) person* Running (8–9 mph) 979 Dancing (fast) 510 Bicycling (10 mph) 490 Swimming (2 mph) 408 Walking (4 mph) 341 Walking (3 mph) 245 Dancing (slow) 204 Driving a car 61 Figure 6.4 Energy consumed by various activities Sitting (writing) 28 *Not including kcal needed for body maintenance 3

Loss of hydrogen atoms (becomes oxidized) Figure 6.5A Loss of hydrogen atoms (becomes oxidized) C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O ATP Glucose  Heat Gain of hydrogen atoms (becomes reduced) Figure 6.5A Rearrangement of hydrogen atoms (with their electrons) in the redox reactions of cellular respiration 4

ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE Figure 6.7Ca_s2 Glucose ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE Steps – A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. 1 3 ATP Step 1 ADP P Glucose 6-phosphate 2 P Fructose 6-phosphate ATP 3 ADP Figure 6.7Ca_s2 Details of glycolysis: energy investment phase (step 2) Step A six-carbon intermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates. 4 Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate P P 4 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) P P 5

Figure 6.7Cb_s2 ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE Step A redox reaction generates NADH. 5 NAD 5 NAD 5 NADH P P NADH H H P P P P 1,3-Bisphospho- glycerate ADP ADP 6 6 Steps – ATP and pyruvate are produced. 6 9 ATP ATP P P 3-Phospho- glycerate 7 7 P P 2-Phospho- glycerate Figure 6.7Cb_s2 Details of glycolysis: energy payoff phase (step 2) 8 8 H2O H2O P P Phosphoenol- pyruvate (PEP) ADP ADP 9 9 ATP ATP Pyruvate 6

Figure 6.9B_s3 Acetyl CoA 2 carbons enter cycle Oxaloacetate 1 Citrate NADH H NAD 5 NAD NADH H 2 Citric Acid Cycle Malate CO2 leaves cycle FADH2 Alpha-ketoglutarate Figure 6.9B_s3 A closer look at the citric acid cycle (step 3) 4 3 FAD CO2 leaves cycle NAD Succinate ADP P NADH H Step Acetyl CoA stokes the furnace. 1 Steps – NADH, ATP, and CO2 are generated during redox reactions. 2 3 Steps – Further redox reactions generate FADH2 and more NADH. 4 5 ATP 7

Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP H Figure 6.5C NADH NAD ATP 2 Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP H Electron transport chain Figure 6.5C In cellular respiration, electrons fall down an energy staircase and finally reduce O2. 2 2 1 2 H O2 H2O 8

Figure 6.10 H H H H H Intermem- brane space H Mobile electron carriers H Protein complex of electron carriers H H ATP synthase III IV I Inner mito- chondrial membrane II Electron flow FADH2 FAD 1 2 2 H NADH NAD O2 H2O Mito- chondrial matrix H Figure 6.10 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis in a mitochondrion ADP P ATP H Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis Oxidative Phosphorylation 9

Figure 6.6_1 CYTOPLASM NADH Electrons carried by NADH NADH FADH2 Glycolysis Oxidative Phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis) Pyruvate Oxidation Citric Acid Cycle Glucose Pyruvate Figure 6.6_1 An overview of cellular respiration Mitochondrion ATP ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation 10

Glucose 2 ADP 2 NAD 2 P 2 NADH ATP 2 2 H 2 Pyruvate Figure 6.7A Figure 6.7A An overview of glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 11