Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 The Language Of Medicine 9 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3 Chapter Goals  Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language.  Divide medical words into their component parts.  Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language.  Use these combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to build medical words.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Chapter 1 Lesson 1.1

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Objectives in Studying The Medical Language  Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.  Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body.  Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 1.All medical terms have: A. A combining vowel B. Two roots C. A suffix D. A prefix QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ:

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 2.Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term? A. Suffix B. Prefix C. Combining vowel D. Combining form QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Word Analysis HEMAT/O/LOGY

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Word Analysis (cont’d) HEMAT/O/LOGY       root  suffix root  suffix combining vowel combining vowel hemat means blood -logy means process of study

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Word Analysis (cont’d) Important elements:  Root: foundation of the term  Suffix: word ending  Prefix: word beginning  Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and aids pronunciation  Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Word Analysis (cont’d) ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Word Analysis (cont’d) ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM           root  root  suffix root  root  suffix combining vowels combining vowels electr means electricity cardi means heart -gram means record

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Word Analysis (cont’d) GASTR/ITIS

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Word Analysis (cont’d) GASTR/ITIS     root suffix root suffix gastr means stomach -itis means inflammation Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix starts with a vowel (as in “itis”)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Word Analysis (cont’d) GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Word Analysis (cont’d) GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY           root  root  suffix root  root  suffix combining vowels combining vowels gastr means stomach enter means intestines -logy means process of study

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Word Analysis (cont’d) THREE General Rules: 1.Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across 2.Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis” 3.Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not “gastrenterology”

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Word Analysis (cont’d) HYPO/GASTR/IC

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Word Analysis (cont’d) HYPO/GASTR/IC       prefix root suffix hypo- means below gastr means stomach -ic means pertaining to

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Word Analysis (cont’d) EPI/GASTR/IC

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Word Analysis (cont’d) EPI/GASTR/IC       prefix root suffix epi- means above gastr means stomach -ic means pertaining to

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Combining Forms aden/o_________ arthr/o_________ bi/o_________ carcin/o_________ cardi/o_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 aden/ogland arthr/ojoint bi/olife carcin/ocancerous, cancer cardi/oheart Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Which term means inflammation of the gland? of the gland? A.arthritis B.adenitis C.adenoma D.cephalic QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ:

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 cephal/o_________ cerebr/o_________ cis/o_________ crin/o_________ cyst/o_________ Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 cephal/ohead cerebr/ocerebrum cis/oto cut crin/oto secrete cyst/ourinary bladder Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d ) Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 cyt/o _________ derm/o or dermat/o_________ electr/o_________ encephal/o_________ enter/o _________ Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28 cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/oskin electr/o electricity encephal/obrain enter/o intestines Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Term that means study of cells: A.cystoscopy B.cystitis C.cytology D.hematology QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ:

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 erythr/o _________ gastr/o _________ gnos/o_________ glyc/o_________ gynec/o _________ hemat/o or hem/o_________ Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 erythr/o red gastr/o stomach gnos/oknowledge glyc/osugar gynec/o woman, female hemat/o or hem/oblood Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32 hepat/o_________ iatr/o_________ leuk/o_________ log/o_________ nephr/o_________ neur/o_________ Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d ) Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33 hepat/oliver iatr/otreatment, physician leuk/owhite log/ostudy of nephr/okidney neur/onerve Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d ) Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34 onc/o_________ ophthalm/o_________ oste/o_________ path/o_________ ped/o_________ Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d ) Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35 onc/otumor ophthalm/oeye oste/obone path/odisease ped/ochild Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d ) Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36 psych/o_________ radi/o_________ ren/o_________ rhin/o_________ sarc/o_________ Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d ) Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37 psych/omind radi/ox-rays ren/okidney rhin/onose sarc/oflesh Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d ) Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 38 sect/o_________ thromb/o_________ ur/o_________ Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d ) Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 39 sect/oto cut thromb/oclot, clotting ur/ourinary tract, urine Combining Form Meaning Combining Forms (cont’d ) Combining Forms (cont’d )

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 40 -ac_________ -al_________ -algia_________ -cyte_________ -ectomy_________ Combining Form Meaning Suffixes

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Suffixes (cont’d) -acpertaining to -alpertaining to -algiapain -cytecell -ectomyexcision, removal Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove? A.-ectomy B.-scopy C.-itis D.-opsy QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ:

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 43 -emia_________ -genic_________ -globin_________ -gram_________ -ic, ical_________ Combining Form Meaning Suffixes

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 44 -emiablood condition -genicproduced by or in -globinprotein -gramrecord -ic, icalpertaining to Combining FormMeaning Suffixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 45 -ion_________ -ist_________ -itis_________ -logy_________ -oma_________ Combining Form Meaning Suffixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 46 -ionprocess -istspecialist -itisinflammation -logyprocess of study -omatumor, mass, swelling Combining Form Meaning Suffixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 47 -opsy_________ -osis_________ -pathy_________ -scope_________ -scopy_________ Combining Form Meaning Suffixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 48 -opsyprocess of viewing -osiscondition, usually abnormal -pathydisease condition -scopeinstrument to visually examine -scopyprocess of visually examining (with an endoscope) (with an endoscope) Combining FormMeaning Suffixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 49 -sis_________ -tomy_________ -y_________ Combining Form Meaning Suffixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 50 -sisstate of; condition -tomyprocess of cutting -yprocess, condition Combining Form Meaning Suffixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Prefixes a-, an-_________ aut-, auto_________ dia-_________ end-, endo-_________ epi-_________ ex-_________ Combining Form Meaning

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 52 a-, an-no, not, without aut-, autoself, own dia-through, complete end-, endo-within epi-above, upon ex-out Combining Form Meaning Prefixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 53 exo-_________ hyper-_________ hypo- _________ in-_________ peri-_________ pro-_________ Combining Form Meaning Prefixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 54 exo-outside of, outward hyper-excessive, above, more hypo- deficient, below, under, less in-into, in peri-surrounding, around pro- before, forward Combining Form Meaning Prefixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 55 re-_________ retro-_________ sub-_________ trans-_________ Combining Form Meaning Prefixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 56 re-back, backward, again retro-behind sub-below, under trans-across, through Combining Form Meaning Prefixes (cont’d)

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 57 Pronunciation of Terms Pronunciation of Terms  When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example: ā as in āpe ō as in ōpen  When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example: ă as in ăpple ŏ as in pŏt  The capitalized syllable is accented.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 58 Examples: adenitisăd-ĕ-N ī -tĭs biologybī-OL-ō-jē cephalicse-FĂL-ik iatrogenici-ăt-rō-JEN-ik resectionrē-SEK-shŭn Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d) Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d)