Food From the Ocean: Sustainable Aquaculture Dr Simon Davies University of Plymouth

The blue planet Aquatic environment Exceeds 70% of land area

Traditional capture fisheries is in serious decline and even in states of collapse throughout the world e.g. cod fisheries in North sea and Canada

Growth of global population and food production between 2000’s

Aquaculture is the fastest growing sector of global agri-business

Projected requirements for food grade fisheries production based on 1989 availabillity

Total Fisheries Aquaculture World fisheries & aquaculture production FAO, 2005

Quantity of 2005 world aquaculture production by species category ( million metric tonnes) FAO, ,1 Mt 10,7 Mt 2,3 Mt 1,65 MT 1,0 MT 19,8 Mt

World aquaculture production by species category Freshwater fishes Miscellaneous Marine fishes Crustaceans Diadromous fishes Aquatic plants Molluscs FAO, 2005

Major aquaculture producing continents Asia Europe North-America South-America FAO, 2005 Africa PR China

Types of aquaculture systems

Raceways Yield Yield 15-20,000 lbs for every 500 gallon/min flow ,000 lbs for every 500 gallon/min flow. Earthen Raceway Concrete Raceway

Levee Ponds

Closed system-recirculation

Brood Tanks

Filtered Water

Hatching Troughs

Sea cage farming of fish is common

From China to Norway to Chile

Off-shore deep water fish farm

Different phases in aquaculture culture procedure market stocking ongrowing extensive intensive fry postlarvae seed larvae eggs sperm embryos broodstock spawners wild market hatchery - algae - rotifers - artemia

Traditional Aquaculture Conception Farmed Salmon

Atlantic salmon life-cycle

Salmon hatchery stages eggs Alevins

Salmon parr -smolt Parr Smolt

Production size salmon

Scottish sea cage farming

Where ever it is practiced, net-cage salmon farming is controversial and raises serious environmental concerns.

New fish species for aquaculture

Sea bass (cultured in the Mediterranean) –the future?

Gilthead sea bream raised in Europe Gilthead sea bream raised in Europe

Norwegian cod farming has developed rapidly

Flatfish farming in Scotland, Norway & USA

Look out for Barrumundi- The Australian bass is coming!!

Basa (China sole) reared in Vietnam A new farmed species from the Mekon delta exported to the west

Aquaculture in United States NORTH CENTRAL NORTHEASTERN SOUTHERN WESTERN TROPICAL & SUBTROPICAL Perch Striped Bass Tilapia Catfish Striped Bass Tilapia TroutSalmonShellfish Striped Bass Tilapia Ornamentals, Food and Shellfish Salmon Shellfish Striped Bass

Fish species in USA Cobia Cobia Flounder Flounder Red Drum Red Drum Snapper Snapper Oysters Oysters

Ornamental Species Goldfish Goldfish Angelfish Angelfish Crustaceans Crustaceans Guppies Guppies South American Catfish South American Catfish Clown fish Clown fish 100s more 100s more

Production of striped bass in USA

Cobia (A new species) New technology

Diverse aquaculture in Hawaii

Shrimp farming- A global Industry

High intensity Shrimp farming in Hawaii Closed and open pond rearing

Shrimp production in tropics Healthy White spot disease

Environmental and Socio-economic issues of shrimp farming Jobs & wealth creation Habitatdestruction

Tilapia- The aquatic chicken?

Tilapia suited to high density aquaculture

Tilapia rearing systems

Key Issues in aquaculture Aquaculture limited by availability of fishmeal from marine sources (new feed ingredients are vital) Aquaculture limited by availability of fishmeal from marine sources (new feed ingredients are vital) Environmental impact of fish farming is a major concern due to possible pollutants such as organic matter, Phosphorous and Nitrogen Environmental impact of fish farming is a major concern due to possible pollutants such as organic matter, Phosphorous and Nitrogen Welfare of fish is of consumer interest. Disease, health and quality of fish is paramount Welfare of fish is of consumer interest. Disease, health and quality of fish is paramount Traceability of production from ‘farm to fork’ and quality of products i.e. taste, texture, colour is important Traceability of production from ‘farm to fork’ and quality of products i.e. taste, texture, colour is important Genetic engineering, GMO’s is of much concern Genetic engineering, GMO’s is of much concern Escape of farmed fish and breeding with wild fish stock is an issue Escape of farmed fish and breeding with wild fish stock is an issue

Alternate Protein Sources to Fish Meal Plantby-products Animal by-products

Feed technology & innovation

Diseases in Fish Major problems arise due to infectious disease Major problems arise due to infectious disease Bacterial, viral and fungal as well as parasites Bacterial, viral and fungal as well as parasites Production diseases due to stress and intensity of production Production diseases due to stress and intensity of production Treatments with antibiotics, drugs and vaccines are sometimes required Treatments with antibiotics, drugs and vaccines are sometimes required Research and development is very important for improved diagnosis and prevention Research and development is very important for improved diagnosis and prevention

Infectious diseases of fish

Classical Skeletal Deformities in Fish

Genetic modification Insertion of genes for growth, disease resistance, colour etc.

Eel farming in Europe A high value product Anguila anguila- European eel

Stages of development of eel Larval stage Glass eel-elver juveniles

Smoked eel products Land based eel farm Fresh eels

Fish farms in biospheres and in space by 2100

Aquaponics- Plant and Fish culture Trout and lettuce growing in a closed system in Boston, USA