A Writer’s Reference B1-B4

 Nouns: the name or a person, place, thing, or concept. liongrowled zookeeper.  The lion in the cage growled at the zookeeper.  Verbs: express action or being (possibly preceded by one or more helping verbs). plays  Patrick plays basketball everyday.

Transitive= transfers the action from the subject toward a direct object. A group of volunteers painted a mural on the wall. Intransitive= does not transfer action so it does not have an object. I waited patiently.

Connects the subject with a word or words that identify or describe the subject. It can connect the subject with a noun, the predicate nominative. Judge Bianca is also a professor of law. -Can also connect the subject to a pronoun or an adjective in the predicate. Michelle felt ill after the barbecue. We were so hungry.

Also called helping verbs They help the main verb express action or make a statement. They indicate voice, mood, or tense. The officers had been planning the raid for months.

 Words used in place of a noun. Usually substitutes a specific noun, known as its antecedent.  Personal:  She let me borrow her helmet.  Candice let me borrow her helmet Antecedent personal pronoun NominativeObjective First Person (speaker) I, weMe, us Second Person (spoken to) You Third Person (spoken about) He, she, it, theyHim, her, it, them

 Shows ownership or belonging.  That bike is mine. First personMy, mine, our, ours Second personYour, yours Third personHis, her, hers, its, their, theirs

Both are formed by adding –self or –selves to a personal pronoun.

 Reflexive Pronouns reflect an action back on a preceding noun or pronoun. Kim helped herself to seconds of every buffet item.  Intensive Pronouns add emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence. No one asked the doctor herself if she needed help. If it can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence, then it is an intensive pronoun.

Introduces a subordinate clause. Who whomwhichwhosethat Schliemann was the archaeologist who discovered Troy. A subordinate, or dependent, clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.  If current studies are correct, many people love to read about their personalities.

Is used to ask a question. Whowhomwhichwhatwhose Whose wallet is this? What can we do while it rains?

Points out specific persons, places, things, or ideas. This, these- point out persons or things that are near in space or time. That, those- point out persons or things that are more distant in space or time.

Does not refer to a specific person or thing. Someone left the phone off the hook. The snowstorm closed most of the schools.

Expresses mutual action or relationship. Each otherOne another "Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other.“(John F. Kennedy)

 Adjectives: used to modify, or describe, a noun or pronoun.  Which one? What kind of? How many?  Adverbs: used to modify, or qualify, a verb (or verbal), and adjective, or another adverb.  When? Where? How? Why? Under what conditions? To what degree?

A word used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence. It is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence. (it can sometimes functions as an adjective or as an adverb).

He yelled to the child. He yelled at the child. He yelled about the child. He yelled near the child.

 Adjective phrase  Adverb phrase Page 320

 Linking verbs and subject complements  Transitive verbs and direct objects  Transitive verbs, indirect objects, and direct objects  Transitive verbs, direct objects, and object complements  Intransitive verbs Page

Words used to join words or groups of words.  Coordinating Conjunctions: connects word or word groups that have equal importance in a sentence.  Correlative conjunctions: are pairs of conjunctions that connect words or groups of words. Always used in pairs, they correlate with one another.  Subordinating conjunctions: introduce subordinate clauses; joins a subordinate clause to an independent clause.

Words or short phrases used to express emotion. It has no grammatical connection to other words in a sentence. Usually set off by a comma or exclamation mark. Wow! We won!

 Prepositional phrases  Verbal phrases  Appositive phrases  Absolute phrases  Subordinate phrases

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. Every sentence can be divided into two parts—the subject and the predicate. Some areas of the Atacama get rain only a few times a century.

 Simple: Consists of one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.  Compound: Contains two or more independent clauses joined together (usually joined with a coordinating conjunction). Some people like change but others like stability.

 Complex: contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Although only-children differ, they often share many traits.  Compound-Complex: has two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. Researchers have studied couples who have contrasting personalities, and the results have been interesting.