49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Application of Theories of Motivation and Emotion to Hedonomics J.L. Szalma University of Central Florida

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Outline Motivation –Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) –Self-Regulation of Behavior (Carver & Scheier, 1998) Emotion –Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory –Emotion and Goal Congruency

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL What is Motivation? Change: Behavior as a continuous stream Goals Energy Persistence

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Theoretical Concepts Goals and Goal Hierarchies Goal Selection rate of progress toward goals Appraisals Expectancies Valence Values Psychological Needs Self-Regulatory Mechanisms

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Self-Determination Theory Three Basic Needs: Autonomy personal agency, not independence per se Ryan & Deci, 2000

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Self-Determination Theory Three Basic Needs: Autonomy Competence Self-Efficacy Ryan & Deci, 2000

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Self-Determination Theory Three Basic Needs: Autonomy Competence Relatedness Ryan & Deci, 2000

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Intrinsic self-determined, autonomous, interest-based Extrinsic externally-determined and controlled, reinforcement/punishment contingencies Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Types of Motivation

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Autonomous Work Motivation

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Fulfillment of basic needs facilitates Intrinsic Motivation Thwarting or neglecting basic needs undermines Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Mechanisms? How is on-going behavior controlled?

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Self-Regulation of Behavior Carver & Scheier (1998)

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Goal Hierarchies Carver & Scheier (1998)

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Hierarchical Feedback Loops Carver & Scheier (1998)

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL 1) Expressive behaviors and actions 2) Physiological responses 3) Verbal content 4) Feelings (subjective, private experience) What is Emotion?

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Cognitive-Motivational- Relational Theory Lazarus (1991) Cognitive: knowledge and appraisal of environment Motivational: emotions as reactions to status of goals Relational: person-environment relationship Each emotion is defined by a “core relational theme” and pattern of appraisal.

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Goals and Emotion Goal-congruent emotion result from positive appraisal of future prospects happiness joy contentment Self-Determination Theory perspective: appraisals are congruent with need satisfaction

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Goals and Emotion Goal-incongruent emotion Events are appraised as hindering a desired goal anger frustration depression Self-Determination Theory perspective: appraisals are incongruent with need satisfaction

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Design Implications Should evaluate how individuals appraise events that occur during interaction with technology Facilitate goal-congruent appraisals Create environments that facilitate satisfaction of need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Design Implications Perceived Self-determination is not sufficient Design convivial tools (Illich, 1973; see also Fromm, 1968; Hancock, 1997) This means you must understand the purpose for the technology!

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Importance of Purpose Hancock (1997) What is the purpose for the hedonomic design? Promote pleasant human-technology interaction Promote well-being, using technology to facilitate well-being (short-term pleasure vs. long-term well-being)

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Promoting Well-Being Approach to well-being: hedonism or eudaimonism (Ryan & Deci, 2001) Practical problem: Eudaimonistic design often requires long-term investment in people

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL

Acknowledgement This research was facilitated by a Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) program grant from the Army Research Office, Dr. Elmar Schmeisser, Technical Monitor (Grant# DAAD ).The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the US Government.

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Appraisals

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Musical Urine Convivial Tools The Brigham Young University MagiCC PDA screen (Quigley, Goodrich, & Beard 2004)

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL

Appraisal Primary Appraisal (goal relevance) Secondary Appraisal (competence and expectancy) “goal-congruent” vs. “goal-incongruent” emotions

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Dimensions of Mood (+) (-) Pleasantness Engagement

49 th Annual HFES Meeting, Orlando FL Carver & Scheier (1998)