Write down your name.

Write down your mother’s name.

Write down your father’s name.

Write down the name of your paternal uncle (if you have one. If you don’t, write down the name of a godfather or a man who is close to your family.)

Cross out your father’s name because he just died.

Draw a line connecting your mother’s name to your uncle’s name because two months have passed, and your mother just married your uncle.

Write a paragraph describing your feelings toward their marriage. This isn’t Jerry Springer. This is Shakespeare.

: Background The Tragedy of Hamlet : Background

The Tragedy of Hamlet Shakespeare’s longest play (1,530 lines) 4 Often considered his greatest achievement 4 Translated and performed more than any other play in the world 4 Requires from 4 ½ to 5 hours to perform 4 Has inspired 26 ballets, 6 operas, 45 film adaptations, and a “Simpsons” episode 4 “To be or not to be” – the most quoted phrase in the English language

Style 4 Shakespeare's Hamlet was a revolutionary departure from contemporary revenge tragedies, which tended to graphically dramatize violent acts on stage, in that it emphasized the hero's dilemma rather than the depiction of bloody deeds.

Shakespeare’s Audience 4 Belief in ghosts and in Purgatory (where one would “work off” sins not confessed or atoned for before death) 4 Belief in the power of confession – absolution through acknowledgement and remorse

Family # 1 – The Royals 4 Prince Hamlet – university student (Wittenberg in Germany) and son of the newly deceased King Hamlet of Denmark. 4 Claudius – brother of Hamlet’s dead father; Hamlet’s uncle; assumes the throne after marrying his brother’s widow 4 Gertrude – Hamlet’s mother, widow of former king; marries Claudius just 2 months after the death of King Hamlet “Frailty, thy name is woman!” 4 Ghost of King Hamlet

Family # 2 – The “Nobility” 4 Polonius – Lord Chamberlain of the court and Claudius’s chief advisor; Father of Laertes and Ophelia 4 Ophelia – daughter of Polonius, sister of Laertes; courted by young Hamlet before the action of the play begins 4 Laertes – son of Polonius, brother of Ophelia; Hamlet’s childhood friend presently fighting for Denmark in France

Family # 3 – The Usurpers 4 King Fortinbras – King of Norway, longtime enemy of old King Hamlet 4 Prince Fortinbras – Prince of Norway, on the move against Denmark as the turmoil unfolds

The Friends 4 Horatio – Hamlet’s most loyal friend; the first to reveal the news of the Ghost to Hamlet 4 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern – boyhood friends of Hamlet; commissioned by Claudius to spy on Hamlet; now synonymous with betrayal

The Plot 4 11 th -century Denmark, castle at Elsinore 4 Bloody, barbaric plot serves as a backdrop for the unhappy young modernist who is Shakespeare’s hero 4 Revenge tragedy: Unless there is a reason why the revenge is delayed, the play is over in one act. Young Hamlet, an intellectual and a dreamer, lives in the world of thought; he is torn between action and contemplation.

Hamlet’s Private Tragedy -- Indecision Appearance vs. Reality “Acting” vs. Honesty Love vs. Hate Self vs. State Death vs. Life Loyalty vs. Selfishness Lust vs. Love

Essential Questions 4 Is Hamlet insane? 4 Does Hamlet love Ophelia? 4 Why is Hamlet among the most frequently quoted works of literature ever written? Is it still relevant today? 4 What are the themes, symbols, and motifs in Hamlet? How do they affect our reading of the play?

The Most Famous Soliloquy: To be or not to be? “To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause: there's the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, The pangs of despised love, the law's delay, The insolence of office and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscover'd country from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will And makes us rather bear those ills…? ( )

The Most Famous Soliloquy: To be or not to be? 4 Consider this modern interpretation of the soliloquy: To be, or not to be. That is the question. Is it noble to suffer through all the unfair troubles life brings, or is it more noble to fight against and defeat these troubles? Should I die, sleep—nothing more? If we could end our heartaches and troubles by sleeping, even eternally, everyone would want to die. If I die, I sleep. If I sleep I may dream. That must be it! Once we are dead, our dreams may cause us troubles, and since we do not know what these dreams will contain, we would rather suffer through life because it is familiar and therefore less frightening. Why else would we endure life, if we could simply end all of our troubles with a knife? Who would put up with broken hearts and injustices until it made them exhausted if it weren’t for dreading the unknown of death?

The Most Famous Soliloquy: To be or not to be? 4 What is Hamlet’s dilemma when he speaks this soliloquy? 4 What is Hamlet debating – to be or not to be what? 4 Is Hamlet truly insane? Consider his rage, his depression, his treatment of Ophelia, and his plans to trap the king and prove his guilt.

15 Suggested Discussion Questions 4 1 The ghost tells Hamlet to seek revenge but to “Taint nor let thy soul contrive against thy mother aught.” Does he succeed in this? Why or why not? 4 2 Hamlet says, “Nothing is either right or wrong but thinking makes it so.” Is he correct in regards to the world of this play? Do you think he’s correct in regards to the world in general? 4 3 Explicate this quote by stating who said it, to whom, regarding what, and how it is significant: “Frailty, thy name is woman.”

15 Suggested Discussion Questions Cont’d 4 4 Explicate this quote by stating who said it, to whom, regarding what, and how it is significant: “This above all – to thine own self be true, and it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man.” 4 5 Explicate this quote by stating who said it, to whom, regarding what, and how it is significant: “What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In form and moving how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals”! 4 6 Explicate this quote by stating who said it, to whom, regarding what, and how it is significant: “Suit the action to the word, the word to the action.”

15 Suggested Discussion Questions Cont’d 4 7 Explicate this quote by stating who said it, to whom, regarding what, and how it is significant: “Let Hercules himself do what he may, the cat will mew, and dog will have his day.” 4 8 Explicate this quote by stating who said it, to whom, regarding what, and how it is significant: “There’s a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, ‘tis not to come,’ if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all.” 4 9 Is Hamlet a static character? A full one or a flat one? A stock one? Does he have a foil? Describe the progression of his state of mind.

15 Suggested Discussion Questions Cont’d 4 10 Compare these three men : Hamlet, Laertes, Fortinbras – How successful is action versus contemplation in this play? 4 11 Consider Hamlet’s friends – Horatio, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern – which are true friends, which are not, and why Discuss the leitmotif of poison. How is this idea or image used throughout the work and to what effect? 4 13 What, if anything, is actually “rotten in the state of Denmark”? 4 14 How is the leitmotif of a “play” used in this work? Who plays to whom and for what purpose? 4 15 What does Shakespeare accomplish with the Frenchmen’s scene?

Interview Questions 4 TO HAMLET : Did you love Ophelia? 4 TO HAMLET : Why did you hesitate in killing Claudius? 4 TO GHOST: What do you expect of Hamlet? 4 TO GERTRUDE : Are you guilty of anything and do you have any regrets? 4 TO OPHELIA: Are you guilty of anything and do you have any regrets? 4 TO CLAUDIUS : Why didn’t you try to kill young Hamlet much earlier? 4 TO SHAKESPEARE: What is Ophelia’s role in the play? 4 TO POLONIUS : Why do you spy on people? 4 TO POLONIUS : Why do you think Hamlet is insane? 4 TO LAERTES: Why did you decide to kill Hamlet?

Connection to Hamlet? Discuss a thematic connection that exists between Hamlet and Sonnet 146 below. Poor soul, the center of my sinful earth, My sinful earth, these rebel powers that thee array; Why dost thou pine within and suffer dearth, Painting thy outward walls so costly gay? Why so large cost, having so short a lease, Dost thou upon thy fading mansion spend? Shall worms, inheritors of this excess, Eat up thy charge? Is this thy body's end? Then soul, live thou upon thy servant's loss, And let that pine to aggravate thy store; Buy terms divine in selling hours of dross; Within be fed, without be rich no more: So shalt thou feed on Death, that feeds on men, And Death once dead, there's no more dying then.