Switzerland Confederation= a group of states joined together for a common purpose Confederation= a group of states joined together for a common purpose Cantons= self-governing states for all issues not reserved for the central gov’t Cantons= self-governing states for all issues not reserved for the central gov’t

The Alpine Region Given its location, how has Switzerland maintained its neutrality in European conflicts? (page 336) Why does Switzerland have a multilingual population? (page 336) Given its location, how has Switzerland maintained its neutrality in European conflicts? (page 336) Why does Switzerland have a multilingual population? (page 336)

Iberian Peninsula Gateway to the Mediterranean

Physical Features Describe the elevation in Portugal in comparison to that of Spain Where are the Pyrenees Mountains? What does this create in regards to France and the rest of Europe?

Gibraltar UK not willing to give up Gibraltar— Why?Naval Base and International Airport

Spain Romans named it Hispania when they conquered the region (27BC-450AD)  Originally, an outpost trading area for the Phoenicians who sailed the Mediterranean ( BC)  Catholic kingdoms dotted landscape after the Roman Empire collapsed  Compare the size and location of Iberia to other European regions— why would this be valuable real estate?

Moors conquer Iberia in the 700s AD  The Moors, an Arab-Speaking Muslim people, invaded all of Iberia from AD (read p. 354)  Isabella and Ferdinand united the kingdoms of Castille and Aragon to create Spain and drove the Moors out of Iberia in  The Spanish crown needed to celebrate its victory—what did they do that year?

What effects does Spain’s Empire have on world culture?  1492—Columbus makes 1 st voyage  1521—Hernan Cortez conquers Aztecs  1588—Spain unsuccessfully attempts to conquer Great Britain with its Armada  —New world nations declare independence from Spain  1898—Spain loses control of the Philippines to the United States  1492—Columbus makes 1 st voyage  1521—Hernan Cortez conquers Aztecs  1588—Spain unsuccessfully attempts to conquer Great Britain with its Armada  —New world nations declare independence from Spain  1898—Spain loses control of the Philippines to the United States Key Dates—Spanish Empire

Dictator Francisco Franco ruled Spain from Constitutional Monarchy restored 17 Regions are autonomous (self- governing) Nearly all people are Roman Catholic 75% speak Castilian Spanish 25% speak Basque or Catalan (near the Pyrenees) Agriculture and tourism are major industries Spain Today Balearic Islands Canary Islands

Portugal

Vasco de Gama scores a big one for Portugal How did his voyage change world trade? (view map on p. 323)

1488—DeGama sails around Cape of Africa 1500—Cabral discovers Brazil 1755—Massive earthquake, tsunami, and fires destroy Lisbon (1 st school of seismology formed) 1822—Brazilian Independence 1910—Portuguese Revolution institutes a Republic Portugal mirrors Spain’s rise to power

Portugal  Portuguese language is rooted in Latin, similar to Spanish, with Arabic influence.  Almost all are Roman Catholic  Democratic republic  Draws many immigrants  World’s leading producer of cork (see page 353)  Tourism important *Draw a double-bubble map of Portugal and Spain to compare/contrast