12.1 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems 12 APPROACHES TO BUILT APPROACHES TO BUILT INFORMATION SYSTEMS INFORMATION SYSTEMS Presented By: Mahmoud Rafeek Alfarra Presented By: Mahmoud Rafeek Alfarra Chapter

12.2 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems قال حكماء السلف الصالح: الأكل جزء يسير من احتياج الإنسان... و الأهم منه احتياج الروح و العقل للغذاء قالوا

12.3 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems  Objectives  Overview of systems development  Alternative system-building approaches  Application development for the digital firm Outlines

12.4 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems How could building a new system change the way an organization works?How could building a new system change the way an organization works? How can a company make sure that the new information systems it builds fit its business plan?How can a company make sure that the new information systems it builds fit its business plan? What are the steps required to build a new information system?What are the steps required to build a new information system? OBJECTIVES

12.5 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems What alternative methods for building information systems are available?What alternative methods for building information systems are available? Are there any techniques or system- building approaches to help us buildAre there any techniques or system- building approaches to help us build e-commerce and e-business applications more rapidly? OBJECTIVES

12.6 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Systems development Activities that go into producing information systems solutionActivities that go into producing information systems solution OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Overview

12.7 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

12.8 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems 1.Systems analysis Analysis of problems that organization aims to resolve using information systemsAnalysis of problems that organization aims to resolve using information systems Feasibility study Feasibility study Determining achievability of solution OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Overview

12.9 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Details how system will meet information requirements as determined by systems analysisDetails how system will meet information requirements as determined by systems analysis Specifications for the system solutionSpecifications for the system solution Should reflect user business priorities and information needsShould reflect user business priorities and information needs OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 2. Systems Design

12.10 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems 3. Programming Process of translating system specifications into program codeProcess of translating system specifications into program code 4. Testing Checks whether the system produces desired results under known conditionsChecks whether the system produces desired results under known conditions Unit testing, system testing, acceptance testing, test planUnit testing, system testing, acceptance testing, test plan OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Completing the Systems Development Process

12.11 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

12.12 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems 5. Conversion Process of changing from old system to new systemProcess of changing from old system to new system Strategies:Strategies: –Parallel –Direct cutover –Pilot study –Phased approach –Documentation OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Completing the Systems Development Process Case Studies Next lecture

12.13 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems 6. Production and maintenance Production is stage after new system is installed and the conversion is completeProduction is stage after new system is installed and the conversion is complete Maintenance is changes in hardware, software, documentation, or procedures of production system to correct errorsMaintenance is changes in hardware, software, documentation, or procedures of production system to correct errors OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Completing the Systems Development Process

12.14 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems اذبح الطير في مكان لا يراك فيه أحد قالوا

12.15 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Systems lifecycle Traditional methodology for developing information systemTraditional methodology for developing information system Partitions systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentiallyPartitions systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentially ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Traditional Systems Lifecycle

12.16 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Limitations of the lifecycle approaches: 1.Costly 2.Time-consuming 3.Inflexible 4.And more in page 372 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Traditional Systems Lifecycle

12.17 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Prototyping Process of building experimental system quickly and inexpensively for demonstration and evaluationProcess of building experimental system quickly and inexpensively for demonstration and evaluationPrototype Preliminary working version of information system for demonstration and evaluationPreliminary working version of information system for demonstration and evaluation ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Prototyping

12.18 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Iterative A process of repeating over and over again the steps to build system.A process of repeating over and over again the steps to build system. What about the lifecycle approaches ?!What about the lifecycle approaches ?! ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Prototyping

12.19 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

12.20 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems 1.Identifying user’s basic requirements 2.Developing initial prototype 3.Using prototype 4.Revising and enhancing prototype ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Steps in Prototyping

12.21 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Advantage Useful in designing information system’s end-user interfaceUseful in designing information system’s end-user interfaceDisadvantage Rapid prototyping can gloss over essential steps in systems developmentRapid prototyping can gloss over essential steps in systems development ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Advantages and Disadvantages of Prototyping

12.22 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems  Application software packages  Request for Proposal Next Lecture isa

12.23 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems عن ابن عمر رضي الله عنهما قال : قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم « ما من أيام أعظم عند الله سبحانه ولا أحب إليه العمل فيهن من هذه الأيام العشر ، فأكثروا فيهن من التهليل والتكبير والتحميد » مسند أحمد من سُنن العشـر الأوائل

12.24 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Application software packages Set of prewritten, precoded application software programs commercially available for sale or leaseSet of prewritten, precoded application software programs commercially available for sale or lease Examples of application software packages In table 12.1 page 376Examples of application software packages In table 12.1 page 376 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Application Software Packages

12.25 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Customization Modification of software package to meet organization’s unique requirements without destroying the software’s integrity.Modification of software package to meet organization’s unique requirements without destroying the software’s integrity. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Application Software Packages

12.26 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

12.27 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Important evaluation criteria: FunctionsFunctions FlexibilityFlexibility User-friendlinessUser-friendliness HardwareHardware Software resourcesSoftware resources Database requirementsDatabase requirements InstallationInstallation Maintenance effortMaintenance effort DocumentationDocumentation Vendor qualityVendor quality CostCost ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Application Software Packages

12.28 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Request for Proposal (RFP) Detailed list of questions submitted to vendors of software or other servicesDetailed list of questions submitted to vendors of software or other services Determines how well vendor’s product can meet organization’s specific requirementsDetermines how well vendor’s product can meet organization’s specific requirements ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Application Software Packages

12.29 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Development of information systems by end users with little or no formal assistance from technical specialistsDevelopment of information systems by end users with little or no formal assistance from technical specialists Allows users to specify their own business needsAllows users to specify their own business needs ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES End-User Development

12.30 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

12.31 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Increase productivity …. (adv.)Increase productivity …. (adv.) Cannot easily handle processing of large numbers of transactions or applications (disadv.)Cannot easily handle processing of large numbers of transactions or applications (disadv.) ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES End-User Development

12.32 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Next … Outsourcing ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

12.33 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Practice of contracting computer center operations, telecommunications networks, or applications development to external vendorsPractice of contracting computer center operations, telecommunications networks, or applications development to external vendors ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES Outsourcing

12.34 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems System modeled as a collection of objects and relationships between themSystem modeled as a collection of objects and relationships between them Iterative and incrementalIterative and incremental Shifts focus from modeling business processes and data to combining data and procedures to create objectsShifts focus from modeling business processes and data to combining data and procedures to create objects APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DIGITAL FIRM Object-Oriented Software Development

12.35 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

12.36 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Process for developing systems in short time periodProcess for developing systems in short time period Uses prototyping, fourth-generation tools, and close teamworkUses prototyping, fourth-generation tools, and close teamwork APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DIGITAL FIRM Rapid Application Development (RAD)

12.37 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems Software components deliverable over InternetSoftware components deliverable over Internet Enable one application to communicate with another with no translation requiredEnable one application to communicate with another with no translation required Standards and protocols: XML, SOAP, WSDL, UDDIStandards and protocols: XML, SOAP, WSDL, UDDI APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DIGITAL FIRM Web Services

12.38 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

12.39 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

12.40 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems E-commerce and e-business require systems planning and systems analysis based on a broader view of organizationE-commerce and e-business require systems planning and systems analysis based on a broader view of organization APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DIGITAL FIRM Looking Beyond the Organization

12.41 © 2004 by Prentice Hall Management Information Systems 8/e Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems 12 REDESIGNING THE ORGANIZATIONWITHINFORMATIONSYSTEMS Chapter