Applications of LINACs in Homeland Safety, Revenue and Border Control Imran Tahir

2 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY This Talk Benefits of LINAC based Cargo and vehicle Inspection systems Different type of implementations Challenges Applications of Higher energy LINACs (>9MeV)

3 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Smuggling and Global Trade Illicit drug trade worldwide estimated to be $400bn Illicit cigarette smuggling in EU alone €90bn, tax loss of around €16bn Illegal wildlife trade $10-20bn worldwide Counterfeit goods make 7% of world trade. In Europe alone it costs €400bn to legitimate trade

4 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Current Contraband Threats to Europe Arms Smuggling from North Africa via Italy, by some 3600 organised criminal gangs across Europe Cigarettes in large quantities from Russia via Balkan states Drugs from South America via Spain

5 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Use of LINAC Based Inspection Systems Revenue generation by collecting duties and taxes (Biggest benefit) Protection from drug smuggling in large quantities (Second biggest benefit) Deterrent to weapons and explosive smuggling

6 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Examples of Effectiveness UK Government deployed 10 scanners initially and within 2 years time, cross-channel cigarette smuggling fell by 70%, cutting it by 5 billion sticks per year and protecting £6 billion per year revenue In Virginia USA 732 pounds of cocaine was seized in a cargo shipment of orange juice cans, street value of $644 Million(Dec 2013) In May 2014, Spanish authorities found 2.5 metric tons of narcotic hidden in a shipment of pineapples At Rotterdam port in Dec 2014, 3.5 Tons of cocaine was caught hidden in a shipment of cassava roots originated in Costa Rica

7 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Different Types of Implementation Gantry For high image quality and better performance Portal High throughput for cargo trucks High Speed for railway cargo Mobile Easy and quick deployment at borders or mainland Air Cargo Compact size to suit airport environment

8 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Airport CargoPortal Gantry MobileRail

9 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Energy Levels and Penetration Depths 9MeV 420mm Steel 6MeV 400mm Steel 4.5MeV 275mm Steel 1MeV 120mm Steel

10 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY LINAC and Detector Array Setup 30 o LINAC Secondary Collimator X-Ray Fan Beam Detector Boom Pulse Generator Safety Interlocks X-Ray ON/OFF Pulse width & Energy Object Detection Object Speed Data Server and Image Display

11 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Use of Dual Energy LINACs Material Separation Allows to colour an image according to Z number of materials and helps to reduce operator error rate Normal cargo doesn’t not contain materials with atomic numbers higher than iron so material separation is particularly useful for identifying and separating high Z materials Typical low Z materials such as explosives and narcotics can also be identified

12 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Material Separation

13 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Challenges More stable and repeatable dose from dual energy LINACs for improved and reliable material separation. That in turn requires better control of the magnetron RF output and High Voltage Pulse Forming Network More higher energy photons per incident electron in the LINAC output energy spectrum in order to achieve better penetration Reduction in undesired radiation from the accelerating structure by better design to achieve lighter weight shielding and smaller exclusion zone around the LINAC to suit busy port environment Higher Pulse Repetition Frequency to achieve better image resolution

14 ONE COMPANY – TOTAL SECURITY Higher Energy LINACs (> 8MeV) and Explosive Detection As Gamma-Ray Source Recent theoretical/experimental work shows that a gamma beam from LINACs with energies higher than 10.6MeV can excite stable nitrogen isotope in explosive (N14) to radioactive isotope (N13), emitting positrons. The positron produces two 0.5MeV photons that are easily detectable Same technique can be used to detect land mines as well using 17MeV LINAC As Photo-neutron Source Intense photo-neutron beam can be a reliable way of detecting explosives and nuclear materials LINACs with energy levels above 8Mev and with converter materials such as Be and D2O in the X-Ray beam path can produce intense photo-neutron beams