Cynthia Enloe Power infuses all international relationships. Paying serious attention to gender politics and women changes in a fundamental way how the international political system works and how much power it takes to maintain.

Bananas, Beaches, and Bases Enloe asks: How do powerful political actors use women and ideas about femininity and masculinity to pursue their goals? Where are women in the picture? She addresses this question in her book by focusing on topics often thought of as apolitical: tourism, postcards, Carmen Miranda, blue jeans, domestic labor.

Where are women in this picture? President Bush’s address to the nation on January 10th about his new military strategy in Iraq.

Masculinity Men’s presumptions about how to be masculine in doing their jobs, exercising influence, or seeking relief from stress are often made invisible. Enloe’s examples. Can you think of others?

Beyond the Global Victim Deconstructing the myth that women are essential, universal victims by: 1.Analyzing the complicity of women within systems of power. 2.Recognizing that women in diverse situations have equally diverse and creative forms of survival and resistance.

Beyond the Third World Victim Deconstructing the myth that Third World women are victims of culture by: 1.Analyzing persistent First World stereotypes (categories of knowledge) that freeze “other” women in time, space, and history. 2.Analyzing how inequality is created and maintained by international relations of power, including colonialism and transnational political-economic systems.

Chandra Mohanty Feminists’ relations to and centrality in particular struggles depend on our different, often conflictual, locations and histories. Feminist cartographies of struggle relate to forceful ways in which the world has been symbolically and materially divided.

Colonialism International division of economic production simultaneous with the rise of industrialization. Colonies Colonial Capitals

Nested Hierarchies Competition between European powers for control over colonies gave rise to the modern system of nation states. Colonized struggled for independence through this language of national sovereignty. Women struggled within these anti-colonial nationalist movements to turn them into something positive for women.

International vs. Transnational How women’s struggles within nation-states have unfolded defines particular national feminisms. International women’s aid. Who sets the agenda for NGO feminist activism? Based on whose history and needs? Transnational women’s organizing as a response to transnational economic restructuring.

Mohanty: Colonialism, Class, Gender White masculinity as norm; racialization and sexualization of colonized peoples Colonialism often built upon and reinforced indigenous patriarchies Rise of feminist politics within national liberation movements How can we see these forces at play in Enloe’s discussion of tourism?

Mohanty: The State, Citizenship, & Racial Formation “Gender regime” whereby the state is the primary organizer of the power relations of gender. But who counts as “legitimate” citizens within this regime? How can we see these forces at play in Enloe’s discussion of tourism?

Mohanty: Multinational Production & Social Agency The consolidation of a multinational economy as continuous and discontinuous with territorial colonialism. Corporate race to cheapest labor market (where women fit into the picture) in gaps between national rules and regulations. How can we see these forces at play in Enloe’s discussion of tourism?