Digital Media Technology Week 2: XML Basics Peter Verhaar

□ Taming digital complexity and imposing order □ Order can be imposed via the creation of models or ‘digital surrogates’

□ Technique used to create web pages Hypertext Markup Language How do you manage a university that has no clear owner? Universities are there for future generations; how can we make sure we pass them on intact? Leiden academics responded to the address given by Cambridge professor Stefan Collini at the opening of the academic year.

□ Consists of code to specify the formatting Encoding in HTML pparagraph h1/h2/h3heading bbold iitalics □ Text to be formatted is surrounded by an opening and a closing tag: and □ Example: This text is shown in bold

□ A selector combined with formatting instructions □ Example: body { background-color: #d0e4fe; } p { font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 20px; color: orange ; } CSS

Today’s lecture □ What is text encoding? □ How can we encode a text? □ Why do we need text encoding?

□ Developed at CERN by Tim Berners- Lee; first proposal: March 1989 HTML

“Information Management: A Proposal”

□ Made use of inftrastructure provided by the internet, which developed out of ARPANet □ Based on Ted Nelson’s concept of hypertext and Xanadu software □ Based on SGML; a predecessor of XML Inspiration for HTML

WYSIWYG HTML Editor

Text encoding □ A system that can be used to make statements about text fragments □ Makes use of opening and closing tags, e.g. and □ Use of codes or elements, e.g. p, b, i, or title, persName, date

James Joyce ’s novel Ullyses was first published in □ XML elements situate and describe text fragments □ Example:

Attributes A.W. Sijthoff PropertyValue your letter of the 29th Ulto

Document type definition

□ XML is a “meta-language” □ Allows for the creation of concrete mark up languages, e.g. HTML, TEI, EAD □ Elements names and document structure are stipulated in a DTD (or XML Schema) □ Document instances are documents encoded in a specific mark up language

□ Each opening tag must have a matching closing tag □ Elements must be nested properly □ A single root element □ Names of elements are case sensitive □ Attribute values must be given in quotation marks □ An attribute can only be used once in an opening tag Well-formed XML

□ Application of text encoding □ Study of correspondence from the Dutch book trade in the 19C. □ Primary materials: □ Archive of De Erven F. Bohn □ Archive of A.W. Sijthof Booktrade Correspondence Project

De Erven F. Bohn □ Founded in Haarlem, 1752 by Christoph Heinrich Bohn ( ) □ >1784: son François Bohn ( ) □ 1819: public auction. Name changed to De Erven F. Bohn. □ 1875 no more bookselling; 1876: J.K. Tadema □ Today: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum

Archives □ Ca. 20,000 books □ Financial administration □ Ca. 70,000 letters, often with well-known authors and publishers □ Contracts, Reviews, Illustrations □ Correspondence section is filmed

□ Social network of Bohn □ Which book titles are mentioned in the correspondence? □ How international was the Dutch Booktrade in the 19C? □ Who were Bohn’s and Sijthoff’s competitors? Research questions

Dear Sirs, I will accept / £10 for the / rights to make a / translation into / Dutch of my / novel entitled / Wanda //

Printers will / send you entire / proofs from London / instantly. Please / to send money / on receipt of this / Address Madame / Ouida. ~c. 2 words illegible~/ ~c. 1 word illegible~ Ouida / L. de la Ramée

Gentlemen, I reply to your letter of the 29th Ulto, offering 30 £ for an early copy of my late father's forthcoming novel Kenelm Chellengly. I beg to inform you that I have simultaneously received from another Dutch Firm, precisely the same offer, viz. 30 £ for an early copy of that work, with a view to a Dutch translation of it (…). Your obedt. Servt, Lytton Knebworth Park Stevenage Herts Example of a transcription

Gentlemen, I reply to your letter of the 29th Ulto, offering 30 £ for an early copy of my late father's forthcoming novel Kenelm Chellengly. I beg to inform you that I have simultaneously received from another Dutch Firm, precisely the same offer, viz. 30 £ for an early copy of that work, with a view to a Dutch translation of it (…). Your obedt. Servt, Lytton Knebworth Park Stevenage Herts Encoded text

Gentlemen, I reply to your letter of the 29th Ulto, offering 30 £ for an early copy of the novel (…) Validation rules DTD or XML Schema Document Instance

□ Elements □ Attributes □ Entities □ ASCI □ Unicode □ DTD □ Well-formed XML □ Valid XML □ Meta-language Terminology