Goal 2: Expansion and Reform ( ) - The learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism. Objective 2.01: Analyze the effects of territorial expansion and the admission of new states to the Union.

Manifest Destiny Westward Expansion “America’s god-given right to expand West” East Coast to West Coast

Why People Moved West Religious Freedom Running from the law or debt To own land To get rich (’49ers) Get a new start To be free

Trails West Oregon Trail = immigration trail Mormon Trail = immigration trail Santa Fe Trail = trade route

Lewis & Clark Expedition explore the Louisiana Territory Corps of Discovery 1 st Americans to see the Pacific Ocean

"... the object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river, and such principal streams of it, as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean, whether the Columbia, Oregon, Colorado or any other river, may offer the most direct and practicable water communication across this continent for the purposes of commerce..."

1811 The National Road connects Cumberland, Maryland with Columbus Ohio & continues westward.

1825 The Erie Canal connect the Atlantic Ocean & the Great Lakes. Called the “Big Ditch”, it greatly improved shipping.

1835 American farmers in Texas begin a war of rebellion against Mexico. Americans want more representation in the Mexican gov’t. Sound familiar?

1837 John Deere produces the steel plow, which now allows farmers to burst through the tough prairie soil known as sod.

1837 Cyrus McCormick produces the mechanical reaper allowing farmers to greatly reduce the amount of labor needed to harvest their grain crops. In 1841 it took sixty-five hours to produce one acre of wheat; in 1941, it takes only two and one- half hours to do the same job.

1842 The Oregon territory opens for settlement; many would-be settlers travel along the 2,000 mile pathway across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains known as the Oregon Trail.

Life on the Oregon Trail

The Donner Party Immigrants moving to California 1848 Immigrants moving to California 1848 Lost in Sierra Nevada Mtns. Lost in Sierra Nevada Mtns. Terrible hardships, forced to eat anything… Terrible hardships, forced to eat anything… Tastes like chicken

1844 James K. Polk used the slogan or Fight! To push for the annexation of Oregon territory. This settles the US National Border at that latitude line.

1847 Led by Brigham Young, the Mormons end their journey along the Mormon Trail at the shores of the Great Salt Lake in the Utah Territory. Traveled west to escape religious persecution.

1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gives all Mexican land north of the Rio Grande River to the USA. Treaty officially ends the Mexican-American War, but causes more problems for the USA.

1850 Bavarian-born Levi Strauss patents & sells a new style of work trousers made from French fabric known as denim or genes cloth to many of the gold miners arriving in California.

War for Texas Independence Texas fights for independence from Mexico 1821: Mexico gains its independence from Spain 1821: Mexico invites American to settle in Texas Americans would serve as buffers against Native Americans

War for Texas Independence : Stephen Austin established a successful American colony in Texas 1830: Mexico closed its borders to American settlers 1833: Stephen Austin asks Pres. Santa Anna (Mexico) for more self government & is put in jail. American settlers wanted a say in the Mexican gov’t. Sound familiar???????

War for Texas Independence : Battle of the Alamo American are slaughtered by Santa Anna’s army Daniel Boone Jim Bowie 1836: Battle of San Jacinto Led by Sam Houston, Americans attack Mexico – “Remember the Alamo!!”

War for Texas Independence : Treaty of Velasco Texas gains independence from Mexico & becomes its own country 1838: Sam Houston asks the US to annex Texas Annex = “to take” 1845: Texas becomes the 28 th states in the USA Will it be a free state or a slave state?!?!? 1845: Us asks to buy California & New Mexico from Mexico for $25 million Mexico refuses & is mad Still upset over Texas 1/1846: US Pres. Polk sent American troops to Southern Texas to protect disputed territory – 16 Americans die Polk knew there would be American casualties & hoped it would compel Congress to declare war

Mexican-American War /1846: Congress declares war on Mexico North worried more slave states will enter the Union!! Southerners support the war 6/1846: California declares independence from Mexico & becomes the Bear Flag Republic. 8/1847: US troops capture the capital of Mexico (Mexico City)

Mexican-American War /1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Ends Mex.-Am. War US gets California, New Mexico & Utah territories for $15 million We originally offered Mexico $25 million! Rio Grande River becomes southern border of Texas