A PuhJayJay Presentation

Daily Catalyst 1. If there are 34% of Adenines in DNA, what is the percentage of uracil in RNA? 34% 2. Replicate the following segment of DNA: 5’- ATCGGCTACGTTCAC -3’ 3’ TAGCCGATGCAAGTG 5 3. How does RNA polymerase know which nucleotides to add? RNA Polymerase uses the rules of base pairing to add the correction RNA nucleotides.

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Replication DNA is copied in the nucleus in the process of replication.

Steps Step 1: DNA is unzipped at the 3’ end by helicase. Step 2: Once the DNA has been unzipped, the enzyme DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the 3’ end only!!! Step 3: DNA Ligase glues all of the DNA pieces together. Step 4: DNA polymerase and DNA ligase proofread the DNA and repair any mistakes

Transcription Transcription transfers genetic information from DNA to RNA. Transcription occurs in the nucleus.

Steps of Transcription RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the PROMOTER (TATA) RNA Polymerase adds RNA nucleotides to the 3’ end. RNA Polymerase falls off the DNA at the terminator. The RNA that is made in transcription is called pre-mRNA.

Afterwards A poly (A) tail, consisting of adenine nucleotides is added to the 3’ end. The 5’ end is capped off with a modified guanine nucleotide forming a 5’ cap. The cap helps with binding to the ribosome. snRNP’s and spliceosomes remove the introns and join the exons together

Review Time Replication Transcription 1. Helicase unzips DNA 2. DNA Polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the 3’ end 3. Ligase glues segments together 4. DNA Poly and Ligase proofread the DNA 1. Helicase unzips DNA 2. RNA Polymerase attaches to promoter (TATA) 3. RNA Poly adds RNA nucleotides to the 3’ end 4. RNA poly detaches when it reaches the terminator

Translation Translating the genetic information from DNA into amino acids Translation occurs in the ribosomes. tRNA is the translator

Steps mRNA binds to the tRNA at the anticodon at the ribosome. tRNA will read each codon of the mRNA Correct amino acids are added at the amino acid attachment site on tRNA Amino acids are added until a stop codon is reached Stop codons are on mRNA UAA, UAG, and UGA Stop codons do not code for proteins

Turn and Talk Turn to your neighbor and ask how their day is going. Noise Level: Class (2 minutes)

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Practice Problems What type of RNA makes up the ribosomes? rRNA Where does translation start on the mRNA? On the start codon Where does mRNA bind to tRNA?\ On the anticodon

What is the purpose of translation? To translate the genetic information in mRNA to amino acids. Which process does not include DNA; Translation, replication or transcription? Translation What is effect of the start codon being destroyed? Translation will not start. If the mRNA codon is AUG, what is the proper anticodon? UAC

Tell me what ya know! True or false: Translation is the process of assembling amino acids. True True or false: Transcription beings at a promoter region and continues until RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon. False, terminator True or false: In a eukaryotic cell, DNA carries the information for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the ribosome. False, mRNA True or false: The anticodon is located on the tRNA and will complementary bind to the mRNA. True

1. Name the 3 essential enzymes for replication. DNA helicase, polymerase, and ligase 2. Describe the semi-conservative model. The parent strand acts at the model for the new daughter strand so the bases know how to pair up with another 3. Why is this model important to DNA? This is important because we need to keep our DNA and make an exact copy of our DNA to pass onto our children. 18