William Terzaghi Spring 2015 Bio 369: Plant Physiology

COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work.

Understanding how plants work. Solar input = 1.3 kW/m 2

Understanding how plants work. Solar input = 1.3 kW/m 2 5% (max) can be stored in organics

Understanding how plants work. Solar input = 1.3 kW/m 2 5% (65W/m 2 ) can be stored Humans consume ~ 100 W (360,000 J/hour)

Understanding how plants work. Solar input = 1.3 kW/m 2 5% (65W/m 2 ) can be stored Humans consume ~ 100 W (360,000 J/hour) Plants must have high surface area & low metabolism

Understanding how plants work. Photosynthesis

Understanding how plants work. Photosynthesis Nutrition

Understanding how plants work. Photosynthesis Nutrition Metabolism

Understanding how plants work. Photosynthesis Nutrition Metabolism Growth & development

COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work. 2) Understanding how plant physiologists work. Method

COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work. 2) Understanding how plant physiologists work. Method Technology

Plan A Standard lecture course

Plan B Standard lecture course, except:

Plan B Standard lecture course, except: 1.Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives

Plan B Standard lecture course, except: 1.Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives 2.Last 4 labs will be an independent research project

Plan B Standard lecture course, except: 1.Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives 2.Last 4 labs will be an independent research project 3.20% of grade will be “elective” Paper Talk Research proposal Poster

Plan B Standard lecture course, except: 1.Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives 2.Last 4 labs will be an independent research project 3.20% of grade will be “elective” Paper Talk Research proposal Poster Exam

Plan B schedule- Spring 2015 DateTOPIC JAN12General Introduction 14plant structure I 16plant structure II 19plants and water I 21plants and water II 23mineral nutrition I 26mineral nutrition II 28solute transport I 30solute transport II FEB2Photosynthetic light reactions I 4Photosynthetic light reactions II 6Calvin cycle 9C4 and CAM 11Environmental effects 13Phloem transport I 16 Exam 1

18Phloem transport II 20Respiration I 23Respiration II 25Respiration III 27Lipid synthesis MAR2Spring Recess 4Spring Recess 6Spring Recess 9Biofuels 11Nutrient assimilation I 13Nutrient assimilation II 16Cell wall synthesis and growth I 18Cell wall synthesis and growth II 20Growth and development I 23Growth and development II 25Light regulation of growth I 27 Light regulation of growth II 30Growth regulators I

APR1Growth regulators II 3Easter! 6Easter! 8Growth regulators III 10Growth regulators IV 13Exam 2 15Elective 17Elective 20Elective 22Elective 24Elective 27Elective 29ElectiveLast Class! ???Final examination

Possible elective topics 1) Plant defense compounds 2) Control of flowering 3) Blue-light responses 4) Plant stress responses 5) Plant pathogens 6) Plant movements (heliotropism, venus fly traps, etc) 7) Plant neurobiology 8) Plants and global warming 9) Organelle genetics 10) Plant biotechnology 11) Phytoremediation 12) Lamarckian evolution 13) Self-incompatibility

Lab Schedule DateTOPIC Jan16General introduction, plant structure 23Water potential and transpiration 30Mineral nutrition Feb6Light reactions of photosynthesis 13CO 2 assimilation, C3 vs C4 and CAM 20Environmental effects on CO 2 assimilation 27Respiration Mar6Spring Recess 13Induction of nitrate reductase 20Growth and development I 29Independent project Apr3Easter 10Independent project 17Independent project 24 Independent project 29 Independent project

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us.

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels What would make a good biofuel? How and where to grow it? Can we get plants/algae to make diesel, H 2 (g) or electricity?

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change How will plants be affected? Can we use plants to help alleviate it?

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change 3.Stress responses/stress avoidance Structural Biochemical (including C3 vs C4 vs CAM) Other (dormancy, carnivory, etc)

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change 3.Stress responses/stress avoidance 4.Plant products Defense compounds Others?

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change 3.Stress responses/stress avoidance 4.Plant products 5.Improving food production Breeding: new traits to pick & ways to find them GMO New crops

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change 3.Stress responses/stress avoidance 4.Plant products 5.Improving food production 6.Biotechnology

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change 3.Stress responses/stress avoidance 4.Plant products 5.Improving food production 6.Biotechnology 7.Phytoremediation

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change 3.Stress responses/stress avoidance 4.Plant products 5.Improving food production 6.Biotechnology 7.Phytoremediation 8.Plant movements

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change 3.Stress responses/stress avoidance 4.Plant products 5.Improving food production 6.Biotechnology 7.Phytoremediation 8.Plant movements 9.Plant signaling (including neurobiology)

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change 3.Stress responses/stress avoidance 4.Plant products 5.Improving food production 6.Biotechnology 7.Phytoremediation 8.Plant movements 9.Plant signaling (including neurobiology) 10.Something else?

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant physiology and see where it takes us. 1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO 2 change 3.Stress responses/stress avoidance 4.Plant products 5.Improving food production 6.Biotechnology 7.Phytoremediation 8.Plant movements 9.Plant signaling (including neurobiology) 10.Something else? Pick a problem

Plan C 1.Pick a problem 2.Pick some plants to study

Plan C 1.Pick a problem 2.Pick some plants to study 3.Design some experiments

Plan C 1.Pick a problem 2.Pick some plants to study 3.Design some experiments 4.See where they lead us

Plan C 1.Pick a problem 2.Pick some plants to study 3.Design some experiments 4.See where they lead us Grading? Combination of papers and presentations

Plan C Grading? Combination of papers and presentations First presentation:10 points Research presentation: 10 points Final presentation: 15 points Assignments: 5 points each Poster: 10 points Intermediate report 10 points Final report: 30 points

BIO Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Offices: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12:00-1:00 in SLC 363, TR 1-2 in CSC228 or by appointment Phone: (570)

BIO Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Offices: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12:00-1:00 in SLC 363, TR 1-2 in CSC228 or by appointment Phone: (570) Course webpage:

BIO Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Offices: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12:00-1:00 in SLC 363, TR 1-2 in CSC228 or by appointment Phone: (570) Course webpage: Text: Taiz & Zeiger (2015). Plant Physiology, 6 th Ed. Sinauer Assoc, Sunderland, MA. ISBN

Plant Structure 3 Parts 1.Leaf 2.Stem 3.Root

Plant Structure 3 Parts 1.Leaf A.Cuticle = lipid barrier

Plant Structure 3 Parts 1.Leaf A.Cuticle = lipid barrier B.Epidermis = barrier cells

Leaf Structure A.Cuticle = lipid barrier B.Epidermis = barrier cells C.Stomate = gate controlled by guard cells

Leaf Structure A.Cuticle = lipid barrier B.Epidermis = barrier cells C.Stomate = gate controlled by guard cells D.Mesophyll = photosynthetic cells

Leaf Structure A.Cuticle = lipid barrier B.Epidermis = barrier cells C.Stomate = gate controlled by guard cells D.Mesophyll = photosynthetic cells E.Bundle Sheath = control import/export

Leaf Structure E.Bundle Sheath = control import/export F.Vascular tissue = plumbing Xylem = water & inorganics Dead!

Leaf Structure E.Bundle Sheath = control import/export F.Vascular tissue = plumbing Xylem = water & inorganics Dead! Phloem = sugars

Leaf Structure E.Bundle Sheath = control import/export F.Vascular tissue = plumbing Xylem = water & inorganics Dead! Phloem = sugars Live!

Plant Structure Kranz anatomy = less mesophyll, more bundle sheath

Plant Structure 3 Parts 1.Leaf 2.Stem

Plant Structure 3 Parts 1.Leaf 2.Stem Apical meristems create new shoot cells

Plant Structure Stem Apical meristems create new shoot cells Vascular cambium creates new xylem & phloem

Plant Structure 3 Parts 1.Leaf 2.Stem 3.Root Root cap protects tip

Root Structure Root cap protects tip Quiescent center provides reserve cells

Root Structure Root cap protects tip Quiescent center provides reserve cells Apical meristem adds new cells

Root Structure Root cap protects tip Quiescent center provides reserve cells Apical meristem adds new cells Root hairs take up water & nutrients

Root Structure Root cap protects tip Quiescent center provides reserve cells Apical meristem adds new cells Root hairs take up water & nutrients Casparian strip in endodermis forces all water & solutes to enter cells

Root Structure Casparian strip in endodermis forces all water & solutes to enter cells Apoplast = space between cells

Root Structure Casparian strip in endodermis forces all water & solutes to enter cells Apoplast = space between cells Symplast = cytoplasm (continuous t/o plant through plasmodesmata)

Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells

Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit

Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit 3) Cells arise by division of preexisting cells

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli 7) Homeostasis

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli 7) Homeostasis 8) Very small

Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion

Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2)surface/volume ratio

Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2) surface/volume ratio surface area increases more slowly than volume

Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2) surface/volume ratio surface area increases more slowly than volume exchange occurs only at surface eventually have insufficient exchange for survival