A Brief Introduction to History of Modern China Jin Guangyao Professor of History Fudan University

Chinese Modern History: Late Qing Period: 1840—1911 Republican Period: 1912—1949 People’s Republic:

Ancient China Over 5000 years of historical continuity Among the oldest civilizations in the world More than twenty dynasties recorded in Chinese long history Tang dynasty (618—907), one of the most prosperous dynasties.

Confucius ( B.C.)

the Confucians emphasize the concept of REN 仁 the need for self-discipline the self-examination compromise and tolerance as the inner virtues of people

Qing Dynasty

Late Qing Period Qing: the last dynasty in China founded by Manzu in 1644 Man zu, Han zu: different nationalities Qing facing the crisis in early 19 th century from both within and without

The First Opium War

Nanjing Treaty 1842: the first unequal treaty between China and Powers the opening of five ports; the cession of HK, extraterritoriality an indemnity as war compensation

After the First Opium War Most of Chinese officials were still arrogant Some began to face the reality The Second Opium War

Li Hongzhang ( ), considered as the leader of the “Self- Strengthening Movement”, was the most influential politician in late 19th century.

Chinese-Japanese War

Aftermath of the War Calling for reform Reform demand rejected by Qing dynasty New generation turned to revolution

Sun Yat-sen( ), the leader of a new generation of revolutionaries. His political ideal was to overthrow the monarchy system and to set up a republic based on American model.

On Jan. 1, 1912, the Republic of China was established.

Sun Yat-sen’s political ideal Military governance Tutelage governance (Nationalist Party) Constitutional government

Political turbulence → warlord period Sun failed to get support from Great Powers Sun’s cooperation with Russia and CCP

Chiang Kai-shek ( ) became the leader of the Nationalist Party after Sun’s death

In July 1921, the first congress was held in Shanghai, marking the birth of CCP

Nationalist-Communist coalition between 1924 and 1927

Mao Zedong ( ) became the leader of CCP

In 1937 Japan launched a full-scale aggression against China

Mao Zedong and Jiang Jieshi

The Civil War between KMT and CCP ( )

Mao announced the establishment of the People’s Republic of China on Oct.1, 1949

Mao’s Path to China’s Modernization mass mobilization: revolutionary experience rapid economic growth: eager to economic development

Great Leap Forward : millions of people were mobilized to making Steel

People’s Commune: Public Canteen

Mao’s Road to China’s Modernization Economic chaos created the difference between Mao and the pragmatic leaders Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping Policy difference resulted in the Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution

Deng in 1978

The opening up of Pudong